Manipulation of dominant male sterility

ABSTRACT

Compositions and methods for modulating male fertility in a plant are provided. Compositions comprise nucleotide sequences, and active fragments and variants thereof, which modulate male fertility. Further provided are expression cassettes comprising the male fertility polynucleotides, or active fragments or variants thereof, operably linked to a promoter, wherein expression of the polynucleotides modulates the male fertility of a plant. Various methods are provided wherein the level and/or activity of the sequences that influence male fertility is modulated in a plant or plant part. In certain embodiments, the plant is polyploid.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/138,192, filed Sep. 21, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,822,614, issued Nov. 3, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/774,272, filed Sep. 10, 2015, which is a 371 national stage entry of PCT patent application PCT/US14/23932, filed Mar. 12, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,113,181, issued Oct. 30, 2018, which claims benefit of and priority to Provisional Application No. 61/788,950, filed Mar. 15, 2013, and Provisional Application No. 61/778,069, filed Mar. 12, 2013, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of plant molecular biology, more particularly to influencing male fertility.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Development of hybrid plant breeding has made possible considerable advances in quality and quantity of crops produced. Increased yield and combination of desirable characteristics, such as resistance to disease and insects, heat and drought tolerance, along with variations in plant composition are all possible because of hybridization procedures. These procedures frequently rely heavily on providing for a male parent contributing pollen to a female parent to produce the resulting hybrid.

Field crops are bred through techniques that take advantage of the plant's method of pollination. A plant is self-pollinated if pollen from one flower is transferred to the same or another flower of the same plant or a genetically identical plant. A plant is cross-pollinated if the pollen comes from a flower on a genetically different plant.

In certain species, such as Brassica campestris, the plant is normally self-sterile and can only be cross-pollinated. In self-pollinating species, such as soybeans and cotton, the male and female plants are anatomically juxtaposed. During natural pollination, the male reproductive organs of a given flower pollinate the female reproductive organs of the same flower.

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a hexaploid plant having three pairs of homologous chromosomes defining genomes A, B and D. The endosperm of wheat grain comprises 2 haploid complements from a maternal cell and 1 from a paternal cell. The embryo of wheat grain comprises one haploid complement from each of the maternal and paternal cells. Hexaploidy has been considered a significant obstacle in researching and developing useful variants of wheat. In fact, very little is known regarding how homologous genes of wheat interact, how their expression is regulated, and how the different proteins produced by homologous genes function separately or in concert.

An essential aspect of much of the work underway with genetic male sterility systems is the identification of genes influencing male fertility and promoters associated with such genes. Such genes and promoters can be used in a variety of systems to control male fertility including those described herein.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Compositions and methods for modulating male fertility in a plant are provided. Compositions comprise nucleotide sequences, and fragments and variants thereof, which modulate male fertility. Further provided are expression cassettes comprising one or more polynucleotides, operably linked to a promoter, wherein expression of one or more polynucleotides modulates the male fertility of a plant. Various methods are provided wherein the level and/or activity of a polynucleotide that influences male fertility is modulated in a plant or plant part.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIGS. 1A and 1B. Alignment of the wheat MS45 promoter regions of the A, B, and D genomes (SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively). A consensus sequence is also provided (SEQ ID NO: 16).

FIG. 2. Alignment of wheat MS45 promoter consensus with ZmMS45 promoter region.

FIG. 3. Alignment of wheat MS45 promoter consensus with wheat promoter inverted repeat (pIR) sequence.

FIG. 4. Restoration of fertility by Gain of Function: GOF-MF.

FIG. 5. Restoration of fertility by Gain of Function: GOF-MF; MS45.

FIG. 6. Restoration of fertility by Gain of Function: GOF-pIRMSp.

FIG. 7. Restoration of fertility by Gain of Function: GOF-pIRMSp; 5126:DAM.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present inventions now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not all embodiments of the inventions are shown. Indeed, these inventions may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.

Many modifications and other embodiments of the inventions set forth herein will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which these inventions pertain having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the inventions are not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.

I. Male Fertility Polynucleotides

Compositions disclosed herein include polynucleotides and polypeptides that influence male fertility. In particular, wheat MS45 promoter sequences are provided comprising nucleotide sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 3, or fragments or variants thereof, such as SEQ ID NO: 4 or 6.

Sexually reproducing plants develop specialized tissues specific for the production of male and female gametes. Successful production of male gametes relies on proper formation of the male reproductive tissues. The stamen, which embodies the male reproductive organ of plants, contains various cell types, including for example, the filament, anther, tapetum, and pollen. As used herein, “male tissue” refers to the specialized tissue in a sexually reproducing plant that is responsible for production of the male gamete. Male tissues include, but are not limited to, the stamen, filament, anther, tapetum, and pollen.

The process of mature pollen grain formation begins with microsporogenesis, wherein meiocytes are formed in the sporogenous tissue of the anther.

Microgametogenesis follows, wherein microspores divide mitotically and develop into the microgametophyte, or pollen grains. The condition of “male fertility” or “male fertile” refers to those plants producing a mature pollen grain capable of fertilizing a female gamete to produce a subsequent generation of offspring. The term “influences male fertility” or “modulates male fertility”, as used herein, refers to any increase or decrease in the ability of a plant to produce a mature pollen grain when compared to an appropriate control. A “mature pollen grain” or “mature pollen” refers to any pollen grain capable of fertilizing a female gamete to produce a subsequent generation of offspring. Likewise, the term “male fertility polynucleotide” or “male fertility polypeptide” refers to a polynucleotide or polypeptide that modulates male fertility. A male fertility polynucleotide may, for example, encode a polypeptide that participates in the process of microsporogenesis or microgametogenesis.

Expression of fertility genes has been shown to influence male fertility in a variety of ways. Mutagenesis studies of Ms22 (also referred to as Msca1) resulted in phenotypically male sterile maize plants with anthers that did not extrude from the tassel and lacked sporogenous tissue. West and Albertsen (1985) Maize Newsletter 59:87; Neuffer et al. (1977) Mutants of maize. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. See also U.S. Pat. No. 7,919,676.

Certain male sterility genes such as MAC1, EMS1 or GNE2 (Sorensen et al. (2002) Plant J. 29:581-594) prevent cell growth in the quartet stage. Mutations in the SPOROCYTELESS/NOZZLE gene act early in development, but impact both anther and ovule formation such that plants are male and female sterile. The SPOROCYTELESS gene of Arabidopsis is required for initiation of sporogenesis and encodes a novel nuclear protein (Genes Dev. 1999 Aug. 15; 13(16):2108-17).

Ms26 polypeptides have been reported to have significant homology to P450 enzymes found in yeast, plants, and mammals. P450 enzymes have been widely studied and characteristic protein domains have been elucidated. The Ms26 protein contains several structural motifs characteristic of eukaryotic P450's, including the heme-binding domain FxxGxRxCxG (domain D), domain A A/GGXD/ETT/S (dioxygen-binding), domain B (steroid-binding) and domain C. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that Ms26 is most closely related to P450s involved in fatty acid omega-hydroxylation found in Arabidopsis thaliana and Vicia sativa. See, for example, US Patent Publication No. 2012/0005792, herein incorporated by reference.

The Ms45 polynucleotide is a male fertility polynucleotide characterized in maize (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,369) and wheat (U.S. provisional patent application 61/697,590 filed Sep. 6, 2012). Mutations of Ms45 can result in breakdown of microsporogenesis during vacuolation of the microspores rendering the mutated plants male sterile. When the cloned Ms45 polynucleotide is introduced into such mutated male sterile plants, the gene can complement the mutation and confer male fertility. The cloned Ms45 gene, for example the Ms45 gene of maize or wheat or rice, can also be used to complement male sterility induced by expression of pIR molecule targeting the Ms45 promoter, as described herein. Certain embodiments described herein using the MS45 gene and/or promoter could be practiced with other genes, such as MS26 or Ms22.

Strategies for manipulation of expression of male-fertility polynucleotides in wheat will require consideration of the ploidy level of the individual wheat variety. Trilicum aestivum is a hexaploid containing three genomes designated A, B, and D (N=21); each genome comprises seven pairs of nonhomologous chromosomes. Einkorn wheat varieties are diploids (N=7) and emmer wheat varieties are tetraploids (N=14).

Isolated or substantially purified nucleic acid molecules or protein compositions are disclosed herein. An “isolated” or “purified” nucleic acid molecule, polynucleotide, or protein, or biologically active portion thereof, is substantially or essentially free from components that normally accompany or interact with the polynucleotide or protein as found in its naturally occurring environment. Thus, an isolated or purified polynucleotide or protein is substantially free of other cellular material, or culture medium when produced by recombinant techniques, or substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized. Optimally, an “isolated” polynucleotide is free of sequences (optimally protein encoding sequences) that naturally flank the polynucleotide (i.e., sequences located at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the polynucleotide) in the genomic DNA of the organism from which the polynucleotide is derived. For example, in various embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide can contain less than about 5 kb, 4 kb, 3 kb, 2 kb, 1 kb, 0.5 kb, or 0.1 kb of nucleotide sequence that naturally flank the polynucleotide in genomic DNA of the cell from which the polynucleotide is derived. A protein that is substantially free of cellular material includes preparations of protein having less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% (by dry weight) of contaminating protein. When the polypeptides disclosed herein or biologically active portion thereof is recombinantly produced, optimally culture medium represents less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1% (by dry weight) of chemical precursors or non-protein-of-interest chemicals.

A “subject plant” or “subject plant cell” is one in which genetic alteration, such as transformation, has been effected as to a gene of interest, or is a plant or plant cell which is descended from a plant or cell so altered and which comprises the alteration. A “control” or “control plant” or “control plant cell” provides a reference point for measuring changes in phenotype of the subject plant or plant cell.

A control plant or plant cell may comprise, for example: (a) a wild-type plant or plant cell, i.e., of the same genotype as the starting material for the genetic alteration which resulted in the subject plant or cell; (b) a plant or plant cell of the same genotype as the starting material but which has been transformed with a null construct (i.e. with a construct which has no known effect on the trait of interest, such as a construct comprising a marker gene); (c) a plant or plant cell which is a non-transformed segregant among progeny of a subject plant or plant cell; (d) a plant or plant cell genetically identical to the subject plant or plant cell but which is not exposed to conditions or stimuli that would induce expression of the gene of interest; or (e) the subject plant or plant cell itself, under conditions in which the gene of interest is not expressed.

A. Fragments and Variants of Male Fertility Sequences

Fragments and variants of the disclosed polynucleotides and proteins encoded thereby are also provided. By “fragment” is intended a portion of the polynucleotide or a portion of the amino acid sequence and hence protein encoded thereby. Fragments of a polynucleotide may encode protein fragments that retain the biological activity of the native protein and hence influence male fertility. Alternatively, fragments of a polynucleotide that are useful as hybridization probes generally do not encode fragment proteins retaining biological activity. Thus, fragments of a nucleotide sequence may range from at least about 20 nucleotides, about 50 nucleotides, about 100 nucleotides, and up to the full-length polynucleotide encoding the polypeptides disclosed herein. A fragment of a promoter polynucleotide may or may not retain promoter function. A fragment of a promoter polynucleotide may be used to create a pIR (promoter inverted repeat, aka hairpin) useful in a suppression construct which targets that promoter. See, for example, Matzke, et al., (2001) Curr. Opin. Genet. Devel. 11:221-227; Mette et al., EMBO J. (2000) 19:5194-5201.

A fragment of a polynucleotide that encodes a biologically active portion of a polypeptide that influences male fertility may encode at least 15, 25, 30, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 525, or 537 contiguous amino acids, or up to the total number of amino acids present in a full-length polypeptide that influences male fertility. Fragments of a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide that influences male fertility that are useful as hybridization probes or PCR primers generally need not encode a biologically active portion of a polypeptide that influences male fertility.

Thus, a fragment of a male fertility polynucleotide as disclosed herein may encode a biologically active portion of a male fertility polypeptide, or it may be a fragment that can be used as a hybridization probe or PCR primer using methods disclosed below, or it may be a fragment of a promoter sequence natively associated with a male fertility polynucleotide. A biologically active portion of a male fertility polypeptide can be prepared by isolating a portion of one of the male fertility polynucleotides disclosed herein, expressing the encoded portion of the male fertility protein (e.g., by recombinant expression in vitro), and assessing the activity of the encoded portion of the male fertility polypeptide. Polynucleotides that are fragments of a male fertility polynucleotide comprise at least 16, 20, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, or 1629 nucleotides, or up to the number of nucleotides present in a full-length male fertility polynucleotide.

“Variants” is intended to mean substantially similar sequences. For polynucleotides, a variant comprises a deletion and/or addition of one or more nucleotides at one or more internal sites within the native polynucleotide and/or a substitution of one or more nucleotides at one or more sites in the native polynucleotide. As used herein, a “native” or “wild type” polynucleotide or polypeptide comprises a naturally occurring nucleotide sequence or amino acid sequence, respectively. For polynucleotides, conservative variants include those sequences that, because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, encode the amino acid sequence of one of the male fertility polypeptides disclosed herein. Naturally occurring allelic variants such as these can be identified with the use of well-known molecular biology techniques, as, for example, with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and hybridization techniques as outlined below. Variant polynucleotides also include synthetically derived polynucleotides, such as those generated, for example, by using site-directed mutagenesis but which still encode a male fertility polypeptide. Generally, variants of a particular polynucleotide disclosed herein will have at least about 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to that particular as determined by sequence alignment programs and parameters described elsewhere herein.

Variants of a particular polynucleotide disclosed herein (i.e., the reference polynucleotide) can also be evaluated by comparison of the percent sequence identity between the polypeptide encoded by a variant polynucleotide and the polypeptide encoded by the reference polynucleotide. Percent sequence identity between any two polypeptides can be calculated using sequence alignment programs and parameters described elsewhere herein. Where any given pair of polynucleotides disclosed herein is evaluated by comparison of the percent sequence identity shared by the two polypeptides they encode, the percent sequence identity between the two encoded polypeptides is at least about 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity.

“Variant” protein is intended to mean a protein derived from the native protein by deletion or addition of one or more amino acids at one or more internal sites in the native protein and/or substitution of one or more amino acids at one or more sites in the native protein. Variant proteins disclosed herein are biologically active, that is they continue to possess the desired biological activity of the native protein, that is, male fertility activity as described herein. Such variants may result from, for example, genetic polymorphism or from human manipulation. Biologically active variants of a male fertility protein disclosed herein will have at least about 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to the amino acid sequence for the native protein as determined by sequence alignment programs and parameters described elsewhere herein. A biologically active variant of a protein disclosed herein may differ from that protein by as few as 1-15 amino acid residues, as few as 1-10, such as 6-10, as few as 5, as few as 4, 3, 2, or even 1 amino acid residue.

The proteins disclosed herein may be altered in various ways including amino acid substitutions, deletions, truncations, and insertions. Methods for such manipulations are generally known in the art. For example, amino acid sequence variants and fragments of the male fertility polypeptides can be prepared by mutations in the DNA. Methods for mutagenesis and polynucleotide alterations are well known in the art. See, for example, Kunkel (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:488-492; Kunkel et al. (1987) Methods in Enzymol. 154:367-382; U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,192; Walker and Gaastra, eds. (1983) Techniques in Molecular Biology (MacMillan Publishing Company, New York) and the references cited therein. Guidance as to appropriate amino acid substitutions that do not affect biological activity of the protein of interest may be found in the model of Dayhoff et al. (1978) Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure (Natl. Biomed. Res. Found., Washington, D.C.), herein incorporated by reference. Conservative substitutions, such as exchanging one amino acid with another having similar properties, may be optimal.

Thus, the genes and polynucleotides disclosed herein include both the naturally occurring sequences as well as DNA sequence variants which retain function. Likewise, the male fertility polypeptides and proteins encompass both naturally occurring polypeptides as well as variations and modified forms thereof. Such polynucleotide and polypeptide variants will continue to possess the desired male fertility activity. The mutations that will be made in the DNA encoding the variant must not place the sequence out of reading frame and optimally will not create complementary regions that could produce secondary mRNA structure. See, EP Patent Application Publication No. 75,444. The deletions, insertions, and substitutions of the protein sequences encompassed herein are not expected to produce radical changes in the characteristics of the protein. However, when it is difficult to predict the exact effect of the substitution, deletion, or insertion in advance of doing so, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the effect will be evaluated by routine screening assays. That is, the activity can be evaluated by assaying for male fertility activity.

Increases or decreases in male fertility can be assayed in a variety of ways. One of ordinary skill in the art can readily assess activity of the variant or fragment by introducing the polynucleotide into a plant homozygous for a stable male sterile allele of the polynucleotide, and observing male tissue development in the plant. In certain embodiments, the variant or fragment polynucleotide is introduced into a plant which is male-sterile as a result of expression of a polynucleotide which confers dominant male sterility. Such a polynucleotide conferring dominant male sterility may be, for example, a pIR directed to the native promoter of a fertility gene, or a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide which interferes with development of reproductive tissue, such as DAM-methylase or barnase (See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,792,853 or 5,689,049; PCT/EP89/00495).

Variant functional polynucleotides and proteins also encompass sequences and proteins derived from a mutagenic and recombinogenic procedure such as DNA shuffling. With such a procedure, one or more different male fertility sequences can be manipulated to create a new male fertility polypeptide possessing the desired properties. In this manner, libraries of recombinant polynucleotides are generated from a population of related sequence polynucleotides comprising sequence regions that have substantial sequence identity and can be homologously recombined in vitro or in vivo. For example, using this approach, sequence motifs encoding a domain of interest may be shuffled between the male fertility polynucleotides disclosed herein and other known male fertility polynucleotides to obtain a new gene coding for a protein with an improved property of interest, such as an increased K_(m) in the case of an enzyme. Strategies for such DNA shuffling are known in the art. See, for example, Stemmer (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:10747-10751; Stemmer (1994) Nature 370:389-391; Crameri et al. (1997) Nature Biotech. 15:436-438; Moore et al. (1997) J. Mol. Biol. 272:336-347; Zhang et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:4504-4509; Crameri et al. (1998) Nature 391:288-291; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,793 and 5,837,458.

II. Sequence Analysis

As used herein, “sequence identity” or “identity” in the context of two polynucleotides or polypeptide sequences makes reference to the residues in the two sequences that are the same when aligned for maximum correspondence over a specified comparison window. When percentage of sequence identity is used in reference to proteins it is recognized that residue positions which are not identical often differ by conservative amino acid substitutions, where amino acid residues are substituted for other amino acid residues with similar chemical properties (e.g., charge or hydrophobicity) and therefore do not change the functional properties of the molecule. When sequences differ in conservative substitutions, the percent sequence identity may be adjusted upwards to correct for the conservative nature of the substitution. Sequences that differ by such conservative substitutions are said to have “sequence similarity” or “similarity”. Means for making this adjustment are well known to those of skill in the art. Typically this involves scoring a conservative substitution as a partial rather than a full mismatch, thereby increasing the percentage sequence identity. Thus, for example, where an identical amino acid is given a score of 1 and a non-conservative substitution is given a score of zero, a conservative substitution is given a score between zero and 1. The scoring of conservative substitutions is calculated, e.g., as implemented in the program PC/GENE (Intelligenetics, Mountain View, Calif.).

As used herein, “percentage of sequence identity” means the value determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a comparison window, wherein the portion of the polynucleotide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentage is calculated by determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base or amino acid residue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison, and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity.

Unless otherwise stated, sequence identity/similarity values provided herein refer to the value obtained using GAP Version 10 using the following parameters: % identity and % similarity for a nucleotide sequence using GAP Weight of 50 and Length Weight of 3, and the nwsgapdna.cmp scoring matrix; % identity and % similarity for an amino acid sequence using GAP Weight of 8 and Length Weight of 2, and the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix; or any equivalent program thereof. By “equivalent program” is intended any sequence comparison program that, for any two sequences in question, generates an alignment having identical nucleotide or amino acid residue matches and an identical percent sequence identity when compared to the corresponding alignment generated by GAP Version 10.

The use of the term “polynucleotide” is not intended to limit the present disclosure to polynucleotides comprising DNA. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that polynucleotides, can comprise ribonucleotides and combinations of ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides. Such deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides include both naturally occurring molecules and synthetic analogues. The polynucleotides disclosed herein also encompass all forms of sequences including, but not limited to, single-stranded forms, double-stranded forms, hairpins, stem-and-loop structures, and the like.

III. Expression Cassettes

The male fertility polynucleotides disclosed herein can be provided in expression cassettes for expression in an organism of interest. The cassette can include 5′ and 3′ regulatory sequences operably linked to a male fertility polynucleotide as disclosed herein. “Operably linked” is intended to mean a functional linkage between two or more elements. For example, an operable linkage between a polynucleotide of interest and a regulatory sequence (e.g., a promoter) is a functional link that allows for expression of the polynucleotide of interest. Operably linked elements may be contiguous or non-contiguous. When used to refer to the joining of two protein coding regions, by operably linked is intended that the coding regions are in the same reading frame.

The expression cassettes disclosed herein may include in the 5′-3′ direction of transcription, a transcriptional and translational initiation region (i.e., a promoter), a polynucleotide of interest, and a transcriptional and translational termination region (i.e., termination region) functional in the host cell (i.e., the plant). Expression cassettes are also provided with a plurality of restriction sites and/or recombination sites for insertion of the male fertility polynucleotide to be under the transcriptional regulation of the regulatory regions described elsewhere herein. The regulatory regions (i.e., promoters, transcriptional regulatory regions, and translational termination regions) and/or the polynucleotide of interest may be native/analogous to the host cell or to each other. Alternatively, the regulatory regions and/or the polynucleotide of interest may be heterologous to the host cell or to each other. As used herein, “heterologous” in reference to a polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence is a sequence that originates from a foreign species, or, if from the same species, is substantially modified from its native form in composition and/or genomic locus by deliberate human intervention. For example, a promoter operably linked to a heterologous polynucleotide is from a species different from the species from which the polynucleotide was derived, or, if from the same/analogous species, one or both are substantially modified from their original form and/or genomic locus, or the promoter is not the native promoter for the operably linked polynucleotide. As used herein, a chimeric polynucleotide comprises a coding sequence operably linked to a transcription initiation region that is heterologous to the coding sequence.

In certain embodiments the polynucleotides disclosed herein can be stacked with any combination of polynucleotide sequences of interest or expression cassettes as disclosed elsewhere herein. For example, the male fertility polynucleotides disclosed herein may be stacked with any other polynucleotides encoding male-gamete disruptive polynucleotides or polypeptides, cytotoxins, markers, or other male fertility sequences as disclosed elsewhere herein. The stacked polynucleotides may be operably linked to the same promoter as the male fertility polynucleotide, or may be operably linked to a separate promoter polynucleotide.

As described elsewhere herein, expression cassettes may comprise a promoter operably linked to a polynucleotide of interest, along with a corresponding termination region. The termination region may be native to the transcriptional initiation region, may be native to the operably linked male fertility polynucleotide of interest or with the male fertility promoter sequences, may be native to the plant host, or may be derived from another source (i.e., foreign or heterologous). Convenient termination regions are available from the Ti-plasmid of A. tumefaciens, such as the octopine synthase and nopaline synthase termination regions. See also Guerineau et al. (1991) Mol. Gen. Genet. 262:141-144; Proudfoot (1991) Cell 64:671-674; Sanfacon et al. (1991) Genes Dev. 5:141-149; Mogen et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2:1261-1272; Munroe et al. (1990) Gene 91:151-158; Ballas et al. (1989) Nucleic Acids Res. 17:7891-7903; and Joshi et al. (1987) Nucleic Acids Res. 15:9627-9639.

Where appropriate, the polynucleotides of interest may be optimized for increased expression in the transformed plant. That is, the polynucleotides can be synthesized using plant-preferred codons for improved expression. See, for example, Campbell and Gowri (1990) Plant Physiol. 92:1-11 for a discussion of host-preferred codon usage. Methods are available in the art for synthesizing plant-preferred genes. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,380,831, and 5,436,391, and Murray et al. (1989) Nucleic Acids Res. 17:477-498, herein incorporated by reference.

Additional sequence modifications are known to enhance gene expression in a cellular host. These include elimination of sequences encoding spurious polyadenylation signals, exon-intron splice site signals, transposon-like repeats, and other such well-characterized sequences that may be deleterious to gene expression. The G-C content of the sequence may be adjusted to levels average for a given cellular host, as calculated by reference to known genes expressed in the host cell. When possible, the sequence is modified to avoid predicted hairpin secondary mRNA structures.

The expression cassettes may additionally contain 5′ leader sequences. Such leader sequences can act to enhance translation. Translation leaders are known in the art and include: picornavirus leaders, for example, EMCV leader (Encephalomyocarditis 5′ noncoding region) (Elroy-Stein et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:6126-6130); potyvirus leaders, for example, TEV leader (Tobacco Etch Virus) (Gallie et al. (1995) Gene 165(2):233-238), MDMV leader (Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus) (Johnson et al. (1986) Virology 154:9-20), and human immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein (BiP) (Macejak et al. (1991) Nature 353:90-94); untranslated leader from the coat protein mRNA of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV RNA 4) (Jobling et al. (1987) Nature 325:622-625); tobacco mosaic virus leader (TMV) (Gallie et al. (1989) in Molecular Biology of RNA, ed. Cech (Liss, New York), pp. 237-256); and maize chlorotic mottle virus leader (MCMV) (Lommel et al. (1991) Virology 81:382-385). See also, Della-Cioppa et al. (1987) Plant Physiol. 84:965-968. Other methods known to enhance translation can also be utilized, for example, introns, and the like.

In preparing the expression cassette, the various DNA fragments may be manipulated, so as to provide for the DNA sequences in the proper orientation and, as appropriate, in the proper reading frame. Toward this end, adapters or linkers may be employed to join the DNA fragments or other manipulations may be involved to provide for convenient restriction sites, removal of superfluous DNA, removal of restriction sites, or the like. For this purpose, in vitro mutagenesis, primer repair, restriction, annealing, resubstitutions, e.g., transitions and transversions, may be involved.

A. Expression Cassettes Comprising a Male Fertility Polynucleotide

In particular embodiments, the expression cassettes disclosed herein comprise a promoter operably linked to a male fertility polynucleotide, or active fragment or variant thereof, as disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, a male fertility promoter disclosed herein, or an active fragment or variant thereof, is operably linked to a male fertility polynucleotide disclosed herein, or an active fragment or variant thereof.

In certain embodiments, plant promoters can preferentially initiate transcription in certain tissues, such as stamen, anther, filament, and pollen, or developmental growth stages, such as sporogenous tissue, microspores, and microgametophyte. Such plant promoters are referred to as “tissue-preferred”, “cell type-preferred”, or “growth-stage preferred”. Promoters which initiate transcription only in certain tissue are referred to as “tissue-specific”. Likewise, promoters which initiate transcription only at certain growth stages are referred to as “growth stage-specific”. A “cell type-specific” promoter drives expression only in certain cell types in one or more organs, for example, stamen cells, or individual cell types within the stamen such as anther, filament, or pollen cells.

Male fertility polynucleotides disclosed herein, and active fragments and variants thereof, can be operably linked to male-tissue-specific or male-tissue-preferred promoters including, for example, stamen-specific or stamen-preferred promoters, anther-specific or anther-preferred promoters, pollen-specific or pollen-preferred promoters, tapetum-specific promoters or tapetum-preferred promoters, and the like. Promoters can be selected based on the desired outcome. For example, the polynucleotides of interest can be operably linked to constitutive, tissue-preferred, growth stage-preferred, or other promoters for expression in plants.

In one embodiment, the promoters may be those which preferentially express a polynucleotide of interest in the male tissues of the plant. No particular male fertility tissue-preferred promoter must be used in the process, and any of the many such promoters known to one skilled in the art may be employed. One such promoter is the 5126 promoter, which preferentially directs expression of the polynucleotide to which it is linked to male tissue of the plants, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,837,851 and 5,689,051. Other examples include the maize Ms45 promoter described at U.S. Pat. No. 6,037,523; SF3 promoter described at U.S. Pat. No. 6,452,069; the BS92-7 promoter described at WO 02/063021; a SGB6 regulatory element described at U.S. Pat. No. 5,470,359; the TA29 promoter (Koltunow, et al., (1990) Plant Cell 2:1201-1224; Goldberg, et al., (1993) Plant Cell 5:1217-1229 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,399,856); the type 2 metallothionein-like gene promoter (Charbonnel-Campaa, et al., Gene (2000) 254:199-208) and the Brassica Bca9 promoter (Lee, et al., (2003) Plant Cell Rep. 22:268-273).

In some embodiments, expression cassettes comprise male-gamete-preferred promoters operably linked to a male fertility polynucleotide. Male-gamete-preferred promoters include the PG47 promoter (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,412,085; 5,545,546; Plant J 3(2):261-271 (1993)), as well as ZM13 promoter (Hamilton, et al., (1998) Plant Mol. Biol. 38:663-669); actin depolymerizing factor promoters (such as Zmabp1, Zmabp2; see, for example Lopez, et al., (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:7415-7420); the promoter of the maize pectin methylesterase-like gene, ZmC5 (Wakeley, et al., (1998) Plant Mol. Biol. 37:187-192); the profilin gene promoter Zmprol (Kovar, et al., (2000) The Plant Cell 12:583-598); the sulphated pentapeptide phytosulphokine gene ZmPSK1 (Lorbiecke, et al., (2005) Journal of Experimental Botany 56(417):1805-1819); the promoter of the calmodulin binding protein Mpcbp (Reddy, et al., (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275(45):35457-70).

As disclosed herein, constitutive promoters include, for example, the core promoter of the Rsyn7 promoter and other constitutive promoters disclosed in WO 99/43838 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,072,050; the core CaMV 35S promoter (Odell et al. (1985) Nature 313:810-812); rice actin (McElroy et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2:163-171); ubiquitin (Christensen et al. (1989) Plant Mot Biol. 12:619-632 and Christensen et al. (1992) Plant Mol. Biol. 18:675-689); pEMU (Last et al. (1991) Theor. Appl. Genet. 81:581-588); MAS (Velten et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3:2723-2730); ALS promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 5,659,026), and the like. Other constitutive promoters include, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,608,149; 5,608,144; 5,604,121; 5,569,597; 5,466,785; 5,399,680; 5,268,463; 5,608,142; and 6,177,611.

“Seed-preferred” promoters include both those promoters active during seed development such as promoters of seed storage proteins as well as those promoters active during seed germination. See Thompson et al. (1989) BioEssays 10:108, herein incorporated by reference. Such seed-preferred promoters include, but are not limited to, Cim1 (cytokinin-induced message); cZ19B1 (maize 19 kDa zein); mi1ps (myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase) (see WO 00/11177 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,225,529; herein incorporated by reference). Gamma-zein is an endosperm-specific promoter. Globulin-1 (Glob-1) is a representative embryo-specific promoter. For dicots, seed-specific promoters include, but are not limited to, bean β-phaseolin, napin, β-conglycinin, soybean lectin, cruciferin, and the like. For monocots, seed-specific promoters include, but are not limited to, maize 15 kDa zein, 22 kDa zein, 27 kDa zein, gamma-zein, waxy, shrunken 1, shrunken 2, globulin 1, etc. See also WO 00/12733, where seed-preferred promoters from end1 and end2 genes are disclosed; herein incorporated by reference. Additional embryo specific promoters are disclosed in Sato et al. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93:8117-8122; Nakase et al. (1997) Plant J 12:235-46; and Postma-Haarsma et al. (1999) Plant Mol. Biol. 39:257-71. Additional endosperm specific promoters are disclosed in Albani et al. (1984) EMBO 3:1405-15; Albani et al. (1999) Theor. Appl. Gen. 98:1253-62; Albani et al. (1993) Plant J. 4:343-55; Mena et al. (1998) The Plant Journal 116:53-62, and Wu et al. (1998) Plant Cell Physiology 39:885-889.

Dividing cell or meristematic tissue-preferred promoters have been disclosed in Ito et al. (1994) Plant Mol. Biol. 24:863-878; Reyad et al. (1995) Mo. Gen. Genet. 248:703-711; Shaul et al. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93:4868-4872; Ito et al. (1997) Plant J. 11:983-992; and Trehin et al. (1997) Plant Mol. Biol. 35:667-672.

Stress inducible promoters include salt/water stress-inducible promoters such as P5CS (Zang et al. (1997) Plant Sciences 129:81-89); cold-inducible promoters, such as, cor15a (Hajela et al. (1990) Plant Physiol. 93:1246-1252), cor15b (Wlihelm et al. (1993) Plant Mol Biol 23:1073-1077), wsc120 (Ouellet et al. (1998) FEBS Lett. 423-324-328), ci7 (Kirch et al. (1997) Plant Mol Biol. 33:897-909), ci21A (Schneider et al. (1997) Plant Physiol. 113:335-45); drought-inducible promoters, such as, Trg-31 (Chaudhary et al (1996) Plant Mol. Biol. 30:1247-57), rd29 (Kasuga et al. (1999) Nature Biotechnology 18:287-291); osmotic inducible promoters, such as, Rab17 (Vilardell et al. (1991) Plant Mol. Biol. 17:985-93) and osmotin (Raghothama et al. (1993) Plant Mol Biol 23:1117-28); and, heat inducible promoters, such as, heat shock proteins (Barros et al. (1992) Plant Mol. 19:665-75; Marrs et al. (1993) Dev. Genet. 14:27-41), and smHSP (Waters et al. (1996) J. Experimental Botany 47:325-338). Other stress-inducible promoters include rip2 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,332,808 and U.S. Publication No. 2003/0217393) and rp29a (Yamaguchi-Shinozaki et al. (1993) Mol. Gen. Genetics 236:331-340).

As discussed elsewhere herein, the expression cassettes comprising male fertility polynucleotides may be stacked with other polynucleotides of interest. Any polynucleotide of interest may be stacked with the male fertility polynucleotide, including for example, male-gamete-disruptive polynucleotides and marker polynucleotides.

Male fertility polynucleotides disclosed herein may be stacked in or with expression cassettes comprising a promoter operably linked to a polynucleotide which is male-gamete-disruptive; that is, a polynucleotide which interferes with the function, formation, or dispersal of male gametes. A male-gamete-disruptive polynucleotide can operate to prevent function, formation, or dispersal of male gametes by any of a variety of methods. By way of example but not limitation, this can include use of polynucleotides which encode a gene product such as DAM-methylase or barnase (See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,792,853 or 5,689,049; PCT/EP89/00495); encode a gene product which interferes with the accumulation of starch or affects osmotic balance in pollen (See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,875,764; 8,013,218; 7,696,405); inhibit formation of a gene product important to male gamete function, formation, or dispersal (See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,859,341; 6,297,426); encode a gene product which combines with another gene product to prevent male gamete formation or function (See U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,162,964; 6,013,859; 6,281,348; 6,399,856; 6,248,935; 6,750,868; 5,792,853); are antisense to, or cause co-suppression of, a gene critical to male gamete function, formation, or dispersal (See U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,184,439; 5,728,926; 6,191,343; 5,728,558; 5,741,684); interfere with expression of a male fertility polynucleotide through use of hairpin formations (Smith et al. (2000) Nature 407:319-320; WO 99/53050 and WO 98/53083; Matzke, et al., (2001) Curr. Opin. Genet. Devel. 11:221-227;); see also Scheid, et al., (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 99:13659-13662; Waterhouse and Helliwell, (2003) Nature Reviews Genetics 4:29-38; Aufsaftz, et al., (2002) Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. 99(4):16499-16506; Sijen, et al., (2001) Curr. Biol. 11:436-440 or the like.

Male-gamete-disruptive polynucleotides include dominant negative genes such as methylase genes and growth-inhibiting genes. See, U.S. Pat. No. 6,399,856. Dominant negative genes include diphtheria toxin A-chain gene (Czako and An (1991) Plant Physiol. 95 687-692; Greenfield et al. (1983) PNAS 80:6853); cell cycle division mutants such as CDC in maize (Colasanti et al. (1991) PNAS 88: 3377-3381); the WT gene (Farmer et al. (1994) Mol. Genet. 3:723-728); and P68 (Chen et al. (1991) PNAS 88:315-319).

Further examples of male-gamete-disruptive polynucleotides include, but are not limited to, pectate lyase gene pelE from Erwinia chrysanthermi (Kenn et al (1986) J. Bacteriol. 168:595); CytA toxin gene from Bacillus thuringiensis Israeliensis (McLean et al (1987) J. Bacteriol. 169:1017 (1987), U.S. Pat. No. 4,918,006); DNAses, RNAses, proteases, or polynucleotides expressing anti-sense RNA. A male-gamete-disruptive polynucleotide may encode a protein involved in inhibiting pollen-stigma interactions, pollen tube growth, fertilization, or a combination thereof.

Male fertility polynucleotides disclosed herein may be stacked with expression cassettes disclosed herein comprising a promoter operably linked to a polynucleotide of interest encoding a reporter or marker product. Examples of suitable reporter polynucleotides known in the art can be found in, for example, Jefferson et al. (1991) in Plant Molecular Biology Manual, ed. Gelvin et al. (Kluwer Academic Publishers), pp. 1-33; DeWet et al. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:725-737 (1987); Goff et al. EMBO J. 9:2517-2522 (1990); Kain et al. BioTechniques 19:650-655 (1995); and Chiu et al. Current Biology 6:325-330 (1996). In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide of interest encodes a selectable reporter. These can include polynucleotides that confer antibiotic resistance or resistance to herbicides. Examples of suitable selectable marker polynucleotides include, but are not limited to, genes encoding resistance to chloramphenicol, methotrexate, hygromycin, streptomycin, spectinomycin, bleomycin, sulfonamide, bromoxynil, glyphosate, and phosphinothricin.

In some embodiments, the expression cassettes disclosed herein comprise a polynucleotide of interest encoding scorable or screenable markers, where presence of the polynucleotide produces a measurable product. Examples include a β-glucuronidase, or uidA gene (GUS), which encodes an enzyme for which various chromogenic substrates are known (for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,268,463 and 5,599,670); chloramphenicol acetyl transferase, and alkaline phosphatase. Other screenable markers include the anthocyanin/flavonoid polynucleotides including, for example, a R-locus polynucleotide, which encodes a product that regulates the production of anthocyanin pigments (red color) in plant tissues, the genes which control biosynthesis of flavonoid pigments, such as the maize C1 and C2, the B gene, the p1 gene, and the bronze locus genes, among others. Further examples of suitable markers encoded by polynucleotides of interest include the cyan fluorescent protein (CYP) gene, the yellow fluorescent protein gene, a lux gene, which encodes a luciferase, the presence of which may be detected using, for example, X-ray film, scintillation counting, fluorescent spectrophotometry, low-light video cameras, photon counting cameras or multiwell luminometry, a green fluorescent protein (GFP), and DsRed2 (Clontechniques, 2001) where plant cells transformed with the marker gene are red in color, and thus visually selectable. Additional examples include a p-lactamase gene encoding an enzyme for which various chromogenic substrates are known (e.g., PADAC, a chromogenic cephalosporin), a xylE gene encoding a catechol dioxygenase that can convert chromogenic catechols, an α-amylase gene, and a tyrosinase gene encoding an enzyme capable of oxidizing tyrosine to DOPA and dopaquinone, which in turn condenses to form the easily detectable compound melanin.

The expression cassette can also comprise a selectable marker gene for the selection of transformed cells. Selectable marker genes are utilized for the selection of transformed cells or tissues. Marker genes include genes encoding antibiotic resistance, such as those encoding neomycin phosphotransferase II (NEO) and hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT), as well as genes conferring resistance to herbicidal compounds, such as glufosinate ammonium, bromoxynil, imidazolinones, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D). Additional selectable markers include phenotypic markers such as β-galactosidase and fluorescent proteins such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) (Su et al. (2004) Biotechnol Bioeng 85:610-9 and Fetter et al. (2004) Plant Cell 16:215-28), cyan florescent protein (CYP) (Bolte et al. (2004) J. Cell Science 117:943-54 and Kato et al. (2002) Plant Physiol 129:913-42), and yellow florescent protein (PhiYFP™ from Evrogen, see, Bolte et al. (2004) J. Cell Science 117:943-54). For additional selectable markers, see generally, Yarranton (1992) Curr. Opin. Biotech. 3:506-511; Christopherson et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 89:6314-6318; Yao et al. (1992) Cell 71:63-72; Reznikoff (1992) Mol. Microbiol. 6:2419-2422; Barkley et al. (1980) in The Operon, pp. 177-220; Hu et al. (1987) Cell 48:555-566; Brown et al. (1987) Cell 49:603-612; Figge et al. (1988) Cell 52:713-722; Deuschle et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad Aci. USA 86:5400-5404; Fuerst et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:2549-2553; Deuschle et al. (1990) Science 248:480-483; Gossen (1993) Ph.D. Thesis, University of Heidelberg; Reines et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:1917-1921; Labow et al. (1990) Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:3343-3356; Zambretti et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:3952-3956; Baim et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 88:5072-5076; Wyborski et al. (1991) Nucleic Acids Res. 19:4647-4653; Hillenand-Wissman (1989) Topics Mol. Struc. Biol. 10:143-162; Degenkolb et al. (1991) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 35:1591-1595; Kleinschnidt et al. (1988) Biochemistry 27:1094-1104; Bonin (1993) Ph.D. Thesis, University of Heidelberg; Gossen et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 89:5547-5551; Oliva et al. (1992) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 36:913-919; Hlavka et al. (1985) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 78 (Springer-Verlag, Berlin); Gill et al. (1988) Nature 334:721-724. Such disclosures are herein incorporated by reference. The above list of selectable marker genes is not meant to be limiting. Any selectable marker gene can be used in the compositions and methods disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the expression cassettes disclosed herein comprise a first polynucleotide of interest encoding a male fertility polynucleotide operably linked to a first promoter polynucleotide, stacked with a second polynucleotide of interest encoding a male-gamete-disruptive gene product operably linked to a male tissue-preferred promoter polynucleotide. In other embodiments, the expression cassettes described herein may also be stacked with a third polynucleotide of interest encoding a marker polynucleotide operably linked to a third promoter polynucleotide.

In specific embodiments, the expression cassettes disclosed herein comprise a first polynucleotide of interest encoding a wheat male fertility gene disclosed herein operably linked to a promoter, which may be a tissue-preferred or constitutive promoter, such as the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. The expression cassettes may further comprise a second polynucleotide of interest encoding a male-gamete-disruptive gene product operably linked to a male tissue-preferred promoter. In certain embodiments, the expression cassettes disclosed herein may further comprise a third polynucleotide of interest encoding a marker gene, such as the phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) gene from Streptomyces viridochomagenes operably linked to a constitutive promoter, such as the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter.

IV. Plants

A. Plants Having Altered Levels/Activity of Male Fertility Polypeptide

Further provided are plants having altered levels and/or activities of a male fertility polypeptide and/or altered levels of male fertility. In some embodiments, the plants disclosed herein have stably incorporated into their genomes a heterologous male fertility polynucleotide, or active fragments or variants thereof, as disclosed herein. Thus, plants, plant cells, plant parts, and seeds are provided which comprise at least one heterologous male fertility polynucleotide as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13, or any useful fragments or variants disclosed herein.

Plants are further provided comprising the expression cassettes disclosed herein comprising a male fertility polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter that is active in the plant. In some embodiments, expression of the male fertility polynucleotide modulates male fertility of the plant. In certain embodiments, expression of the male fertility polynucleotide increases male fertility of the plant. For example, plants are provided comprising an expression cassette comprising an MS45 polynucleotide as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8, or an active fragment or variant thereof, operably linked to a promoter. Upon expression of the Ms45 polynucleotide, male fertility of the plant is increased.

In certain embodiments, expression cassettes comprising a heterologous male fertility polynucleotide as disclosed herein, or an active fragment or variant thereof, operably linked to a promoter active in a plant, are provided to a male sterile plant. Upon expression of the heterologous male fertility polynucleotide, the male fertility of the plant is restored. In specific embodiments, the plants disclosed herein comprise an expression cassette comprising a heterologous male fertility polynucleotide as disclosed herein, or an active fragment or variant thereof, operably linked to a promoter, stacked with one or more expression cassettes comprising a polynucleotide of interest operably linked to a promoter active in the plant. For example, the stacked polynucleotide of interest can comprise a male-gamete-disruptive polynucleotide and/or a marker polynucleotide.

Plants disclosed herein may also comprise stacked expression cassettes described herein comprising at least two polynucleotides such that the at least two polynucleotides are inherited together in more than 50% of meioses, i.e., not randomly. Accordingly, when a plant or plant cell comprising stacked expression cassettes with two polynucleotides undergoes meiosis, the two polynucleotides segregate into the same progeny (daughter) cell. In this manner, stacked polynucleotides will likely be expressed together in any cell for which they are present. For example, a plant may comprise an expression cassette comprising a male fertility polynucleotide stacked with an expression cassette comprising a male-gamete-disruptive polynucleotide such that the male fertility polynucleotide and the male-gamete-disruptive polynucleotide are inherited together. Specifically, a male sterile plant could comprise an expression cassette comprising a male fertility polynucleotide disclosed herein operably linked to a constitutive promoter, stacked with an expression cassette comprising a male-gamete-disruptive polynucleotide operably linked to a male tissue-preferred promoter, such that the plant produces mature pollen grains. However, in such a plant, development of the daughter pollen cells comprising the male fertility polynucleotide will be impacted by expression of the male-gamete-disruptive polynucleotide.

B. Plants and Methods of Introduction

As used herein, the term plant includes plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue cultures from which a plant can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps, and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants such as embryos, pollen, ovules, seeds, leaves, flowers, branches, fruit, kernels, ears, cobs, husks, stalks, roots, root tips, anthers, grain and the like. As used herein “grain” is intended the mature seed produced by commercial growers for purposes other than growing or reproducing the species. Progeny, variants, and mutants of the regenerated plants are also included within the scope of the disclosure, provided that these parts comprise the introduced nucleic acid sequences.

The methods disclosed herein comprise introducing a polypeptide or polynucleotide into a plant cell. “Introducing” is intended to mean presenting to the plant the polynucleotide or polypeptide in such a manner that the sequence gains access to the interior of a cell. The methods disclosed herein do not depend on a particular method for introducing a sequence into the host cell, only that the polynucleotide or polypeptides gains access to the interior of at least one cell of the host. Methods for introducing polynucleotide or polypeptides into host cells (i.e., plants) are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, stable transformation methods, transient transformation methods, and virus-mediated methods. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is introduced to a plant by sexual cross to another plant. For example, pollen comprising a polynucleotide of interest is transferred to the stigma of a receptor plant, to produce progeny comprising the polynucleotide of interest.

“Stable transformation” is intended to mean that the nucleotide construct introduced into a host (i.e., a plant) integrates into the genome of the plant and is capable of being inherited by the progeny thereof “Transient transformation” is intended to mean that a polynucleotide is introduced into the host (i.e., a plant) and expressed temporally or a polypeptide is introduced into a host (i.e., a plant).

Transformation protocols as well as protocols for introducing polypeptides or polynucleotide sequences into plants may vary depending on the type of plant or plant cell, i.e., monocot or dicot, targeted for transformation. Suitable methods of introducing polypeptides and polynucleotides into plant cells include microinjection (Crossway et al. (1986) Biotechniques 4:320-334), electroporation (Riggs et al. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:5602-5606, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (Townsend et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055; Zhao et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,840), direct gene transfer (Paszkowski et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3:2717-2722), and ballistic particle acceleration (see, for example, Sanford et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,050; Tomes et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,879,918; Tomes et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,886,244; Bidney et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,782; Tomes et al. (1995) “Direct DNA Transfer into Intact Plant Cells via Microprojectile Bombardment,” in Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture: Fundamental Methods, ed. Gamborg and Phillips (Springer-Verlag, Berlin); McCabe et al. (1988) Biotechnology 6:923-926); and Lec1 transformation (WO 00/28058). Also see Weissinger et al. (1988) Ann. Rev. Genet. 22:421-477; Sanford et al. (1987) Particulate Science and Technology 5:27-37 (onion); Christou et al. (1988) Plant Physiol. 87:671-674 (soybean); McCabe et al. (1988) Bio/Technology 6:923-926 (soybean); Finer and McMullen (1991) In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 27P:175-182 (soybean); Singh et al. (1998) Theor. Appl. Genet. 96:319-324 (soybean); Datta et al. (1990) Biotechnology 8:736-740 (rice); Klein et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:4305-4309 (maize); Klein et al. (1988) Biotechnology 6:559-563 (maize); Tomes, U.S. Pat. No. 5,240,855; Buising et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,322,783 and 5,324,646; Tomes et al. (1995) “Direct DNA Transfer into Intact Plant Cells via Microprojectile Bombardment,” in Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture: Fundamental Methods, ed. Gamborg (Springer-Verlag, Berlin) (maize); Klein et al. (1988) Plant Physiol. 91:440-444 (maize); Fromm et al. (1990) Biotechnology 8:833-839 (maize); Hooykaas-Van Slogteren et al. (1984) Nature (London) 311:763-764; Bowen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,369 (cereals); Bytebier et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:5345-5349 (Liliaceae); De Wet et al. (1985) in The Experimental Manipulation of Ovule Tissues, ed. Chapman et al. (Longman, New York), pp. 197-209 (pollen); Kaeppler et al. (1990) Plant Cell Reports 9:415-418 and Kaeppler et al. (1992) Theor. Appl. Genet. 84:560-566 (whisker-mediated transformation); D'Halluin et al. (1992) Plant Cell 4:1495-1505 (electroporation); Li et al. (1993) Plant Cell Reports 12:250-255 and Christou and Ford (1995) Annals of Botany 75:407-413 (rice); Osjoda et al. (1996) Nature Biotechnology 14:745-750 (maize via Agrobacterium tumefaciens); all of which are herein incorporated by reference.

Wheat transformation protocols are available to one of skill in the art. See, for example, He et al. (2010) J. Exp. Botany 61(6):1567-1581; Wu et al. (2008) Transgenic Res. 17:425-436; Nehra et al. (1994) Plant J. 5(2):285-297; Rasco-Gaunt et al. (2001) J. Exp. Botany 52(357):865-874; Razzaq et al. (2011) African J. Biotech. 10(5):740-750. See also Tamás-Nyitrai, et al. (2012) Biolistic-and Agrobacterium Mediated Transformation Protocols for Wheat in Plant Cell Culture Protocols, Methods in Molecular Biology 877:357-384.

In specific embodiments, the male fertility polynucleotides or expression cassettes disclosed herein can be provided to a plant using a variety of transient transformation methods. Such transient transformation methods include, but are not limited to, the introduction of the male fertility polypeptide or variants and fragments thereof directly into the plant or the introduction of a male fertility transcript into the plant. Such methods include, for example, microinjection or particle bombardment. See, for example, Crossway et al. (1986) Mol Gen. Genet. 202:179-185; Nomura et al. (1986) Plant Sci. 44:53-58; Hepler et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91: 2176-2180 and Hush et al. (1994) The Journal of Cell Science 107:775-784, all of which are herein incorporated by reference. Alternatively, the male fertility polynucleotide or expression cassettes disclosed herein can be transiently transformed into the plant using techniques known in the art. Such techniques include viral vector system and the precipitation of the polynucleotide in a manner that precludes subsequent release of the DNA. Thus, the transcription from the particle-bound DNA can occur, but the frequency with which it is released to become integrated into the genome is greatly reduced. Such methods include the use of particles coated with polyethylimine (PEI; Sigma #P3143).

In other embodiments, the male fertility polynucleotides or expression cassettes disclosed herein may be introduced into plants by contacting plants with a virus or viral nucleic acids. Generally, such methods involve incorporating a nucleotide construct of disclosed herein within a viral DNA or RNA molecule. It is recognized that a male fertility sequence disclosed herein may be initially synthesized as part of a viral polyprotein, which later may be processed by proteolysis in vivo or in vitro to produce the desired recombinant protein. Methods for introducing polynucleotides into plants and expressing a protein encoded therein, involving viral DNA or RNA molecules, are known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,889,191, 5,889,190, 5,866,785, 5,589,367, 5,316,931, and Porta et al. (1996) Molecular Biotechnology 5:209-221; herein incorporated by reference.

Methods are known in the art for the targeted insertion of a polynucleotide at a specific location in the plant genome. In one embodiment, the insertion of the polynucleotide at a desired genomic location is achieved using a site-specific recombination system. See, for example, WO99/25821, WO99/25854, WO99/25840, WO99/25855, and WO99/25853, all of which are herein incorporated by reference. Briefly, the polynucleotide disclosed herein can be contained in transfer cassette flanked by two non-identical recombination sites. The transfer cassette is introduced into a plant having stably incorporated into its genome a target site which is flanked by two non-identical recombination sites that correspond to the sites of the transfer cassette. An appropriate recombinase is provided and the transfer cassette is integrated at the target site. The polynucleotide of interest is thereby integrated at a specific chromosomal position in the plant genome.

The cells that have been transformed may be grown into plants in accordance with conventional ways. These are referred to as T0 plants. See, for example, McCormick et al. (1986) Plant Cell Reports 5:81-84. These plants may then be grown, and pollinated with either the same transformed strain or different strains, and the resulting progeny having desired expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic identified. Two or more generations (e.g. T1, T2, T3) may be grown to ensure that expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic is stably maintained and inherited and then seeds harvested to ensure expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic has been achieved. In this manner, the present disclosure provides transformed seed (also referred to as “transgenic seed”) having a male fertility polynucleotide disclosed herein, for example, an expression cassette disclosed herein, stably incorporated into their genome. Seed comprising any expression cassette disclosed herein can be sorted based on size parameters, including but not limited to, seed length, seed width, seed density, seed color, or any combination thereof.

The male fertility polynucleotides and expression cassettes disclosed herein may be used for transformation of any plant species, including, but not limited to, monocots and dicots. Examples of plant species of interest include, but are not limited to, corn (Zea mays), Brassica sp. (e.g., B. napus, B. rapa, B. juncea), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), rice (Oryza sativa), rye (Secale cereale), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum vulgare), millet (e.g., pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), proso millet (Panicum miliaceum), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), finger millet (Eleusine coracana)), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), wheat (Triticum aestivum), soybean (Glycine max), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), potato (Solanum tuberosum), peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), cotton (Gossypium barbadense, Gossypium hirsutum), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatus), cassava (Manihot esculenta), coffee (Coffea spp.), coconut (Cocos nucifera), pineapple (Ananas comosus), citrus trees (Citrus spp.), cocoa (Theobroma cacao), tea (Camellia sinensis), banana (Musa spp.), avocado (Persea americana), fig (Ficus casica), guava (Psidium guajava), mango (Mangifera indica), olive (Olea europaea), papaya (Carica papaya), cashew (Anacardium occidentals), macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia), almond (Prunus amygdalus), sugar beets (Beta vulgaris), sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), oats, barley, vegetables, ornamentals, grasses and conifers.

In particular embodiments, wheat plants are used in the methods and compositions disclosed herein. As used herein, the term “wheat” refers to any species of the genus Triticum, including progenitors thereof, as well as progeny thereof produced by crosses with other species. Wheat includes “hexaploid wheat” which has genome organization of AABBDD, comprised of 42 chromosomes, and “tetraploid wheat” which has genome organization of AABB, comprised of 28 chromosomes. Hexaploid wheat includes T. aestivum, T. spelta, T. mocha, T compactum, T sphaerococcum, T. vavilovii, and interspecies cross thereof. Tetraploid wheat includes T durum (also referred to as durum wheat or Triticum turgidum ssp. durum), T. dicoccoides, T. dicoccum, T. polonicum, and interspecies cross thereof. In addition, the term “wheat” includes possible progenitors of hexaploid or tetraploid Triticum sp. such as T. uartu, T. monococcum or T. boeoticum for the A genome, Aegilops speltoides for the B genome, and T. tauschii (also known as Aegilops squarrosa or Aegilops tauschii) for the D genome. A wheat cultivar for use in the present disclosure may belong to, but is not limited to, any of the above-listed species. Also encompassed are plants that are produced by conventional techniques using Triticum sp. as a parent in a sexual cross with a non-Triticum species, such as rye Secale cereale, including but not limited to Triticale. In some embodiments, the wheat plant is suitable for commercial production of grain, such as commercial varieties of hexaploid wheat or durum wheat, having suitable agronomic characteristics which are known to those skilled in the art.

Vegetables include tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum), lettuce (e.g., Lactuca sativa), green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), lima beans (Phaseolus limensis), peas (Lathyrus spp.), and members of the genus Cucumis such as cucumber (C. sativus), cantaloupe (C. cantalupensis), and musk melon (C. melo). Ornamentals include azalea (Rhododendron spp.), hydrangea (Macrophylla hydrangea), hibiscus (Hibiscus rosasanensis), roses (Rosa spp.), tulips (Tulipa spp.), daffodils (Narcissus spp.), petunias (Petunia hybrida), carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus), poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima), and chrysanthemum.

Conifers that may be employed in practicing the present methods and compositions include, for example, pines such as loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), slash pine (Pinus elliotii), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), and Monterey pine (Pinus radiata); Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii); Western hemlock (Tsuga canadensis); Sitka spruce (Picea glauca); redwood (Sequoia sempervirens); true firs such as silver fir (Abies amabilis) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea); and cedars such as Western red cedar (Thuja plicata) and Alaska yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis). In specific embodiments, plants disclosed herein are crop plants (for example, corn, alfalfa, sunflower, Brassica, soybean, cotton, safflower, peanut, sorghum, wheat, millet, tobacco, etc.). In other embodiments, corn and soybean plants are optimal, and in yet other embodiments corn plants are optimal.

Other plants of interest include grain plants that provide seeds of interest, oil-seed plants, and leguminous plants. Seeds of interest include grain seeds, such as corn, wheat, barley, rice, sorghum, rye, etc. Oil-seed plants include cotton, soybean, safflower, sunflower, Brassica, maize, alfalfa, palm, coconut, etc. Leguminous plants include beans and peas. Beans include guar, locust bean, fenugreek, soybean, garden beans, cowpea, mungbean, lima bean, fava bean, lentils, chickpea, etc.

Typically, an intermediate host cell will be used in the practice of the methods and compositions disclosed herein to increase the copy number of the cloning vector. With an increased copy number, the vector containing the nucleic acid of interest can be isolated in significant quantities for introduction into the desired plant cells. In one embodiment, plant promoters that do not cause expression of the polypeptide in bacteria are employed.

Prokaryotes most frequently are represented by various strains of E. coli; however, other microbial strains may also be used. Commonly used prokaryotic control sequences which are defined herein to include promoters for transcription initiation, optionally with an operator, along with ribosome binding sequences, include such commonly used promoters as the beta lactamase (penicillinase) and lactose (lac) promoter systems (Chang et al. (1977) Nature 198:1056), the tryptophan (trp) promoter system (Goeddel et al. (1980) Nucleic Acids Res. 8:4057) and the lambda derived P L promoter and N-gene ribosome binding site (Shimatake et al. (1981) Nature 292:128). The inclusion of selection markers in DNA vectors transfected in E coli. is also useful. Examples of such markers include genes specifying resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, or chloramphenicol.

The vector is selected to allow introduction into the appropriate host cell. Bacterial vectors are typically of plasmid or phage origin. Appropriate bacterial cells are infected with phage vector particles or transfected with naked phage vector DNA. If a plasmid vector is used, the bacterial cells are transfected with the plasmid vector DNA. Expression systems for expressing a protein disclosed herein are available using Bacillus sp. and Salmonella (Palva et al. (1983) Gene 22:229-235); Mosbach et al. (1983) Nature 302:543-545).

In some embodiments, the expression cassette or male fertility polynucleotides disclosed herein are maintained in a hemizygous state in a plant. Hemizygosity is a genetic condition existing when there is only one copy of a gene (or set of genes) with no allelic counterpart on the sister chromosome. In certain embodiments, the expression cassettes disclosed herein comprise a first promoter operably linked to a male fertility polynucleotide which is stacked with a male-gamete-disruptive polynucleotide operably linked to a male tissue-preferred promoter, and such expression cassettes are introduced into a male sterile plant in a hemizygous condition. When the male fertility polynucleotide is expressed, the plant is able to successfully produce mature pollen grains because the male fertility polynucleotide restores the plant to a fertile condition. Given the hemizygous condition of the expression cassette, only certain daughter cells will inherit the expression cassette in the process of pollen grain formation. The daughter cells that inherit the expression cassette containing the male fertility polynucleotide will not develop into mature pollen grains due to the male tissue-preferred expression of the stacked encoded male-gamete-disruptive gene product. Those pollen grains that do not inherit the expression cassette will continue to develop into mature pollen grains and be functional, but will not contain the male fertility polynucleotide of the expression cassette and therefore will not transmit the male fertility polynucleotide to progeny through pollen.

V. Modulating the Concentration and/or Activity of Male Fertility Polypeptides

A method for modulating the concentration and/or activity of the male fertility polypeptides disclosed herein in a plant is provided. The term “influences” or “modulates”, as used herein with reference to the concentration and/or activity of the male fertility polypeptides, refers to any increase or decrease in the concentration and/or activity of the male fertility polypeptides when compared to an appropriate control. In general, concentration and/or activity of a male fertility polypeptide disclosed herein is increased or decreased by at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% relative to a native control plant, plant part, or cell. Modulation as disclosed herein may occur during and/or subsequent to growth of the plant to the desired stage of development. In specific embodiments, the male fertility polypeptides disclosed herein are modulated in monocots, particularly wheat.

A variety of methods can be employed to assay for modulation in the concentration and/or activity of a male fertility polypeptide. For instance, the expression level of the male fertility polypeptide may be measured directly, for example, by assaying for the level of the male fertility polypeptide or RNA in the plant (i.e., Western or Northern blot), or indirectly, for example, by assaying the male fertility activity of the male fertility polypeptide in the plant. Methods for measuring the male fertility activity are described elsewhere herein. In specific embodiments, modulation of male fertility polypeptide concentration and/or activity comprises the modulation (i.e., an increase or a decrease) in the level of male fertility polypeptide in the plant. Methods to measure the level and/or activity of male fertility polypeptides are known in the art and are discussed elsewhere herein. In still other embodiments, the level and/or activity of the male fertility polypeptide is modulated in vegetative tissue, in reproductive tissue, or in both vegetative and reproductive tissue.

In one embodiment, the activity and/or concentration of the male fertility polypeptide is increased by introducing the polypeptide or the corresponding male fertility polynucleotide into the plant. Subsequently, a plant having the introduced male fertility sequence is selected using methods known to those of skill in the art such as, but not limited to, Southern blot analysis, DNA sequencing, PCR analysis, or phenotypic analysis. In certain embodiments, marker polynucleotides are introduced with the male fertility polynucleotide to aid in selection of a plant having or lacking the male fertility polynucleotide disclosed herein. A plant or plant part altered or modified by the foregoing embodiments is grown under plant forming conditions for a time sufficient to modulate the concentration and/or activity of the male fertility polypeptide in the plant. Plant forming conditions are well known in the art.

As discussed elsewhere herein, many methods are known the art for providing a polypeptide to a plant including, but not limited to, direct introduction of the polypeptide into the plant, or introducing into the plant (transiently or stably) a polynucleotide construct encoding a male fertility polypeptide. It is also recognized that the methods disclosed herein may employ a polynucleotide that is not capable of directing, in the transformed plant, the expression of a protein or an RNA. Thus, the level and/or activity of a male fertility polypeptide may be increased by altering the gene encoding the male fertility polypeptide or its promoter. See, e.g., Kmiec, U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,350; Zarling et al., PCT/US93/03868. Therefore mutagenized plants that carry mutations in male fertility genes, where the mutations increase expression of the male fertility gene or increase the activity of the encoded male fertility polypeptide are provided.

In other embodiments, the concentration and/or activity of a male fertility polypeptide is increased by introduction into a plant of an expression cassette comprising a male fertility polynucleotide (e.g. SEQ ID NO: 8 or 10), or an active fragment or variant thereof, as disclosed elsewhere herein. The male fertility polynucleotide may be operably linked to promoter that is heterologous to the plant or native to the plant. By increasing the concentration and/or activity of a male fertility polypeptide in a plant, the male fertility of the plant is likewise increased. Thus, the male fertility of a plant can be increased by increasing the concentration and/or activity of a male fertility polypeptide. For example, male fertility can be restored to a male sterile plant by increasing the concentration and/or activity of a male fertility polypeptide.

It is also recognized that the level and/or activity of the polypeptide may be modulated by employing a polynucleotide that is not capable of directing, in a transformed plant, the expression of a protein or an RNA. For example, the polynucleotides disclosed herein may be used to design polynucleotide constructs that can be employed in methods for altering or mutating a genomic nucleotide sequence in an organism. Such polynucleotide constructs include, but are not limited to, RNA:DNA vectors, RNA:DNA mutational vectors, RNA:DNA repair vectors, mixed-duplex oligonucleotides, self-complementary RNA:DNA oligonucleotides, and recombinogenic oligonucleobases. Such nucleotide constructs and methods of use are known in the art. See, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,565,350; 5,731,181; 5,756,325; 5,760,012; 5,795,972; and 5,871,984; all of which are herein incorporated by reference. See also, WO 98/49350, WO 99/07865, WO 99/25821, and Beetham et al. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:8774-8778; herein incorporated by reference. It is therefore recognized that methods disclosed herein do not depend on the incorporation of the entire polynucleotide into the genome, only that the plant or cell thereof is altered as a result of the introduction of the polynucleotide into a cell.

In one embodiment, the genome may be altered following the introduction of the polynucleotide into a cell. For example, the polynucleotide, or any part thereof, may incorporate into the genome of the plant. Alterations to the genome disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, additions, deletions, and substitutions of nucleotides into the genome. While the methods disclosed herein do not depend on additions, deletions, and substitutions of any particular number of nucleotides, it is recognized that such additions, deletions, or substitutions comprises at least one nucleotide.

RNA interference refers to the process of sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing in animals mediated by short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) (Fire et al., Nature 391:806 (1998)). The corresponding process in plants is commonly referred to as post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) or RNA silencing and is also referred to as quelling in fungi. The process of post-transcriptional gene silencing is thought to be an evolutionarily-conserved cellular defense mechanism used to prevent the expression of foreign genes and is commonly shared by diverse flora and phyla (Fire et al., Trends Genet. 15:358 (1999)).

Small RNAs play an important role in controlling gene expression. Regulation of many developmental processes, including flowering, is controlled by small RNAs. It is now possible to engineer changes in gene expression of plant genes by using transgenic constructs which produce small RNAs in the plant.

Small RNAs appear to function by base-pairing to complementary RNA or DNA target sequences. When bound to RNA, small RNAs trigger either RNA cleavage or translational inhibition of the target sequence. When bound to DNA target sequences, it is thought that small RNAs can mediate DNA methylation of the target sequence. The consequence of these events, regardless of the specific mechanism, is that gene expression is inhibited.

As used herein, the term “Cas gene” refers to a gene that is generally coupled, associated or close to or in the vicinity of flanking CRISPR loci.

CRISPR loci (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) (also known as SPIDRs—SPacer Interspersed Direct Repeats) constitute a family of recently described DNA loci. CRISPR loci consist of short and highly conserved DNA repeats (typically 24 to 40 bps, repeated from 1 to 140 times, also referred to as CRISPR-repeats) which are partially palindromic. The repeated sequences (usually specific to a species) are interspaced by variable sequences of constant length (typically 20 to 58 by depending on the CRISPR locus (WO2007/025097, published Mar. 1, 2007).

CRISPR loci were first recognized in E. coli (Ishino et al. (1987) J. Bacterial. 169:5429-5433; Nakata et al. (1989) J. Bacterial. 171:3553-3556). Similar interspersed short sequence repeats have been identified in Haloferax mediterranei, Streptococcus pyogenes, Anabaena, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Groenen et al. (1993) Mol. Microbiol. 10:1057-1065; Hoe et al. (1999) Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5:254-263; Masepohl et al. (1996) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1307:26-30; Mojica et al. (1995) Mol. Microbiol. 17:85-93). The CRISPR loci differ from other SSRs by the structure of the repeats, which have been termed short regularly spaced repeats (SRSRs) (Janssen et al. (2002) OMICS J. Integ. Biol. 6:23-33; Mojica et al. (2000) Mol. Microbiol. 36:244-246). The repeats are short elements that occur in clusters, that are always regularly spaced by variable sequences of constant length (Mojica et al. (2000) Mol. Microbiol. 36:244-246).

The terms “Cas gene”, “CRISPR-associated (Cas) gene” are used interchangeably herein. A comprehensive review of the Cas protein family is presented in Haft et al. (2005) Computational Biology, PLoS Comput Biol 1(6): e60. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0010060. As described therein, 41 CRISPR-associated (Cas) gene families are described, in addition to the four previously known gene families. It shows that CRISPR systems belong to different classes, with different repeat patterns, sets of genes, and species ranges. The number of Cas genes at a given CRISPR locus can vary between species. The Cas endonuclease gene can be a Cas9 endonuclease gene, such as but not limited to, Cas9 genes listed in SEQ ID NOs: 462, 474, 489, 494, 499, 505, and 518 of WO2007/025097 published Mar. 1, 2007, and incorporated herein by reference.

As used herein, the term “guide RNA” refers to a synthetic fusion of two RNA molecules, a crRNA (CRISPR RNA) comprising a variable targeting domain, and a tracrRNA. In one embodiment, the guide RNA comprises a variable targeting domain of 12 to 30 nucleotide sequences and a RNA fragment that can interact with a Cas endonuclease.

The term “variable targeting domain” refers to a nucleotide sequence 5-prime of the GUUUU sequence motif in the guide RNA, that is complementary to one strand of a double strand DNA target site in the genome of a plant cell, plant or seed.

The guide RNA and Cas endonuclease are capable of forming a complex, referred to as “guide RNA/Cas endonuclease complex” or “guide RNA/Cas endonuclease system” that enables the Cas endonuclease to introduce a double strand break at a DNA target site.

The article “a” and “an” are used herein to refer to one or more than one (i.e., to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, “an element” means one or more element.

All publications and patent applications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the level of those skilled in the art to which this disclosure pertains. All publications and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims.

TABLE 1 Summary of SEQ ID NOS SEQ ID: Description 1 Wheat MS45 promoter_4AL 2 Wheat MS45 promoter_4BS 3 Wheat MS45 promoter_4DL 4 Wheat MS45 promoter consensus 5 Maize MS45 promoter fragment 6 Wheat pIR 7 PHP 54693 T-DNA (5804 bp) 8 Rice MS45 genomic region used in PHP37034 (2079 bp) 9 Maize MS45 promoter region used in PHP 37034 (488 bp) 10 Rice MS26 cds 11 Plant-optimized DAM (837 bp) 12 PHP 56791 T-DNA 13 PHP 54783 T-DNA 14 Maize/wheat consensus of FIG. 2 15 Wheat PRO/pIR consensus of FIG. 3 16 Full-length consensus of FIGS. 1A and 1B 17 PHP 56988 T-DNA

EXPERIMENTAL Example 1. Identification of Wheat MS45 Regulatory Region

This example demonstrates the identification of the wheat DNA sequences that correspond to elements to control expression of wheat MS45 in planta.

The 413 amino acid sequence of Zea mays MS45 (Cigan et al. (2001) Sex Plant Reprod. 14:135-142) was used to search the wheat genomic 454 sequences, CerealsDB, (Wilkenson et al (2012) BMC Bioinformatics 13: 219) of Chinese Spring wheat to identify and assembly contigs containing wheat MS45 ortholog sequences. Three non-identical contigs were assembled of approximately 1000 nucleotides, corresponding to sequences from 4AL, 4B S and 4DL corresponding hexaploid wheat Triticum aestivum (SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3). Alignment of theses sequences reveals high sequence identity across the three contigs from wheat (FIG. 1). Similarly, alignment of a 500 bp region containing a consensus sequence of the wheat promoters (SEQ ID NO: 4) with the 500 bp region (SEQ ID NO: 5) containing the ZmMS45 promoter region shows regions of similarity extending to nearly 73% identity across nucleotide positions 369-426 of the wheat and maize sequences, suggesting conservation of regulatory elements between wheat and maize. Overall, 45% sequence identity is observed across the entire 500 base pair region of wheat and maize (FIG. 2).

A synthetic DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO: 6) was generated that contains 98% sequence identity to the wheat Ms45 consensus (FIG. 3). The synthetic wheat Ms45 promoter inverted repeat sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6 was used in gene suppression studies described in examples below.

Example 2. Promoter-Inverted-Repeat Expression Affects Plant Fertility in Wheat

This example demonstrates that the fertility or fertility potential of plants can be altered by expression of promoter inverted repeat molecules (pIR) specific for the promoter of a gene that encodes a protein involved in male fertility pathway.

A promoter inverted repeat construct was generated by linking a ubiquitin promoter to inverted repeats which contained a portion of the wheat MS45 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 6), including a NOS spacer segment between the inverted repeat sequences. Nucleic acid molecules and methods for preparing the vector PHP54693 were as previously described (Cigan et al Plant Journal (2005) 43, 929-940). SEQ ID NO: 7 contains the T-DNA sequence for PHP54693. PHP54693 was introduced into wheat Fielder variety by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation using methods known in the art and referenced elsewhere herein.

Plants were grown in the greenhouse; transgene copy-number was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR). Plants were grown to maturity and male fertility phenotype was recorded. Results are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Male Fertility phenotype of transgenic wheat plants containing PHP54693. TOTAL SINGLE OR PHP54693 EVENTS LOW COPY MULTI-COPY MALE STERILE 36 20 16 MALE FERTILE 13 8 5 49

Suppression was sufficient to cause male-sterility in 73% of events. Both single-copy and multi-copy T-DNA insertion events were male-sterile, at approximately equal frequency, indicating that both single-copy and multi-copy insertion events are effective.

Microscopic examination of anthers from several independent PHP54693 plants revealed that these anthers lacked pollen in contrast to similarly staged anthers from untransformed Fielder plants. In addition, microspores isolated from anthers of male sterile PHP54693 plants were observed to break down after the quartet stage of development. This observation is similar to the stage at which microspores from male sterile maize ms45 mutants are observed to break down. These results demonstrate that a pIR construct directed to wheat MS45 promoter is capable of generating male sterile wheat plants.

It is noted that the pIR of PHP54693 is driven by a constitutive, heterologous promoter, i.e. ZmUBI. This demonstrates that one of skill in the art may select from among a wide range of promoters for use in the suppression construct, including any promoter which provides expression in the tissue wherein the target gene is expressed and in which suppression is desired. In certain embodiments the promoter may drive expression preferentially in one or more male reproductive tissues.

The inverted repeat construct may contain sequences of the targeted promoter that are substantially conserved across multiple different genomes of wheat or other polyploid organisms so as to reduce expression of the associated targeted gene. In addition, sequences which are unique in one or more promoter could be added to the conserved sequences in the inverted repeat construct such that all promoter sequences across all genomes are targeted to reduce expression of the targeted region.

Example 3. Expression of Exogenous MS45 Gene Product Restores Fertility

This example demonstrates that male-sterile plants containing a pIR construct targeting the wheat MS45 promoter (PHP54693 T-DNA, SEQ ID NO: 7) can be restored to male fertility when also containing an exogenous MS45 gene construct.

Constructs were prepared containing an MS45 coding sequence derived from rice (SEQ ID NO: 8) operably linked to a heterologous maize Ms45 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 9). This construct was introduced into wheat Fielder variety by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation as described above. Regenerated transformed wheat plants were grown in the greenhouse. All regenerated PHP37034 wheat plants were male fertile.

A wheat plant containing a single-copy PHP37034 TDNA insertion (Male 1) was used as a pollen donor and crossed onto two non-identical male sterile PHP54693 plants (Female 1 and Female 2). Seed was harvested from these crosses, planted, and progeny genotyped for the presence of PHP54693 and PHP37034 TDNA insertions by PCR. Plants containing only PHP54693 or both TDNAs, PHP54693 and PHP37034, were grown to maturity and male fertility phenotype recorded.

As shown in Table 3, Group 1 and 2 wheat plants containing only PHP54693 did not contain pollen and were male sterile (No Seed). In contrast, PHP54693 plants also containing PHP37034 from both groups shed pollen and were capable of self-fertilization (Seed). Seed number per plant in PHP54693/PHP37034 progeny was similar to seed numbers obtained from untransformed Fielder variety plants.

TABLE 3 Male fertility phenotype of transgenic wheat plants containing Dominant sterility construct PHP54693 and Restorer PHP37034. Dominant Sterility Construct RESTORER PLANT GROUP PHP54693 PHP37034 FEMALE MALE SEED SET 1 1 + + 1 1 SEED 2 1 + + 1 1 SEED 3 1 + + 1 1 SEED 4 1 + 1 1 NO SEED 5 1 + 1 1 NO SEED 6 1 + 1 1 NO SEED 1 2 + + 2 1 SEED 2 2 + + 2 1 SEED 3 2 + + 2 1 SEED 4 2 + + 2 1 SEED 5 2 + 2 1 NO SEED 6 2 + 2 1 NO SEED

These data provide the surprising result that in hexaploid Fielder wheat, the A, B and D genome copies of the wheat Ms45 promoter are suppressed by PHP54693, resulting in the loss or reduction of Ms45 expression sufficient to confer wheat male sterile. These results further demonstrate that an exogenous MS45 gene construct contained in PHP37034 is capable of restoring fertility to hexaploid wheat plants containing the Dominant male sterility construct PHP54693 which suppresses the endogenous wheat MS45 gene.

Example 4. Use of Exogenous MS45 Gene Products to Restore Fertility in PHP54693 Plants

The promoter expressing the rice MS45 gene in PHP37034 can be derived from a source other than maize; for example, the rice and Arabidopsis homologs of the maize MS45, 5126, BS7 and MS26 genes, can be used, or any plant promoter capable of transcribing MS45 such that expression of the transcription unit renders plants male fertile, including a constitutive promoter. In certain respects, it is advantageous to use non-wheat promoters to express the fertility-restoring gene, such as the MS45 gene. For example, where promoter inverted repeats from the same species reduce target gene function such that the plant is non-viable or non-reproductive, a promoter from a different species can be used to transcriptionally express the complementing gene function (e.g., MS45), thus circumventing this potential problem. Alternatively, promoters natively associated with genes other than MS45 may be used, provided that the expression occurs at least in tissues in which complementation is desired, including male-tissue-preferred or constitutive promoters from wheat or from other species. Further, a native promoter, for example a wheat MS45 promoter, can be used to drive the fertility-restoring gene if that native promoter is sufficiently altered that it is not targeted by the pIR.

In addition, the MS45 gene in PHP37034 can be from a source other than rice, for example the maize or wheat MS45 coding region or other plant sources of an Ms45 gene or like gene capable of complementing the Ms45 function and restoring male fertility.

Taken together, the present Examples demonstrate that an endogenous polyploid plant fertility gene can be inactivated using promoter inverted repeat-mediated suppression, and that a fertile phenotype can be restored in genotypically sterile plants.

Example 5. Inbred Maintenance and Increase of LOF-pIRmf Male Sterile Plants Using a Hemizygous Maintainer

It would be advantageous to produce a pure line of male sterile plants to allow for cross pollination with a different inbred variety to produce hybrid seed. Generally, strategies that incorporate dominant sterility as a means to invoke male sterility cannot self-pollinate. This example provides such a method.

In some embodiments, when promoter inverted repeat strategies are used to silence genes involved in male fertility (Loss of Function: LOF-pIRmf), supplying an exogenous copy of the silenced gene restores male fertility. This is an example of restoration of fertility by Gain of Function (GOF-MF) (FIG. 4). As described previously, when silencing the wheat MS45 gene and restoring using an exogenous source of the suppressed fertility gene, the female inbreds are examples of LOF-pIRmf, while the male restorers are examples of GOF-MF (FIG. 5).

It would be advantageous to generate an inbred maintainer population, to increase the male sterile inbred line. To accomplish this, in one embodiment for wheat, the maize MS45 promoter expressing the rice MS45 gene (GOF-MF) is linked to the maize alpha amylase gene under control of the maize PG47 promoter and linked to a DsRed2 gene under control of the barley LTP2 promoter (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,525,716) and also carrying a PINII terminator sequence (GOF-MF-AA-DsRED). This construct is transformed directly into wheat by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Wheat plants containing single-copy GOF-MF-AA-DsRED cassette are emasculated and stigmas are fertilized with pollen from male fertile plants containing LOF-pIRmf and GOF-MF constructs. Seeds are harvested, screening by PCR for plants or seeds containing only the GOF-MF-AA-DsRED and LOF-pIRmf TDNA insertions. These seeds are planted and plants are allowed to self-pollinate. Red fluorescing seed from these selfed plants are planted and progeny screened by QPCR for homozygous LOF-pIRmf TDNA insertions. Seed from this generation of progeny segregates at a frequency of 1:1 red and non-red fluorescing. Red-fluorescing seed is hemizygous for GOF-MF-AA-DsRED, homozygous for LOF-pIRmf, while non-fluorescing seed is homozygous for LOF-pIRmf. Progeny of the non-fluorescing seed are male sterile and can be used as female inbreds during hybrid production. The red-fluorescing seed produce progeny (hemizygous for GOF-MF-AA-DsRED; homozygous LOF-pIRmf) that can be used to maintain and propagate the male sterile inbred.

Example 6. E. coli DNA (Adenosine-N6-)-Methyltransferase (DAM) Expression Affects Plant Fertility in Wheat

This example demonstrates that the fertility or fertility potential of wheat plants can be altered by expression of E. coli DNA (Adenosine-N6-)-Methyltransferase (DAM) when under the control of the maize anther promoter 5126.

In maize, anther-directed expression of the E. coli DAM gene resulted in a high frequency of male sterile plants due to disruption of normal tapetum function (Unger et al (2001) Trans Res 10: 409-422). However, it was not known whether expression of DAM in a polyploid plant would result in male sterility.

Nucleic acid molecules and methods for preparing a vector to express in wheat plants, PHP56791, are similar to those previously described (Unger et al (2001) Trans Res 10: 409-422). DNA sequence of the DAM gene was modified for expression in plants (SEQ ID NO: 11). The optimized DAM gene was placed under the transcriptional control of the maize 5126 promoter (Unger et al (2001) Trans Res 10: 409-422) to generate the plant transformation vector PHP56791. (SEQ ID NO: 12) PHP56791 was introduced into wheat Fielder variety by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation methods similar to those described or referenced elsewhere herein.

Plants were grown in the greenhouse and transgene copy-number was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR). Plants were grown to maturity and male fertility phenotype was recorded. As shown in Table 4, of the 85 primary T0 wheat transformants, 73 plants were male sterile while 12 plants were male fertile. Microscopic examination of anthers from several independent PHP56791 plants revealed that these anthers lacked pollen in contrast to similarly staged anthers from untransformed Fielder plants. In addition, anthers were consistently one-third to one-half the size of fully-developed fertile anthers and did not contain microspores beyond the early vacuolate stage of development. The small size of the anthers and lack of pollen in PHP56791 male sterile plants were similar to the male sterility phenotypes observed in maize plants transformed with anther-expressed DAM gene.

These results demonstrate that the plant optimized DAM gene expressed from the maize anther promoter in PHP56791 is capable of generating male sterile wheat plants.

TABLE 4 Frequency of male sterility in plants containing PHP56791 TOTAL SINGLE OR PHP56791 EVENTS LOW COPY MULTI-COPY MALE STERILE 73 46 27 MALE FERTILE 12 8 4 85

Example 7. Preparation of Wheat Male Sterility Restorer Lines and Restoration of Male Fertility to PHP56791 Containing Wheat Plants

This example demonstrates that male-sterile plants containing construct PHP56791 can be restored to male fertility when also containing a promoter silencing construct.

In maize, promoter silencing constructs effectively transcriptionally silence both endogenous and transformed promoters in planta (Cigan et al Plant Journal (2005) 43, 929-940). This example was designed to test whether a promoter inverted repeat designed to silence the maize anther promoter, 5126, was capable of directing similar male sterility phenotypes in wheat. In addition, if fertility was not impacted by the maize 5126 promoter inverted repeat, the experiment would determine whether this silencing cassette could suppress the anther expression of the DAM gene in PHP56791 transgenic wheat plants.

Nucleic acid molecules and methods for preparing the plant vector PHP54783 capable of suppressing the maize 5126 promoter used to express the DAM gene in PHP56791 are essentially as described for PHP20089 (Cigan et al Plant Journal (2005) 43, 929-940). PHP54783 (SEQ ID NO: 13) was introduced into wheat Fielder variety by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation methods similar to those described or referenced elsewhere herein. Transformed plants were regenerated from tissue culture and grown in the greenhouse. Transgene copy-number was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR). Plants were grown to maturity and male fertility phenotype was recorded.

All plants containing only the PHP54783 TDNA insertions were male fertile, suggesting that unlike expression of this pIR suppression cassette in maize, the Zm5126 pIR does not result in male sterile wheat plants.

To determine whether the Zm5126 pIR silencing cassette was capable of reversing the male sterility phenotype associated with PHP56791, pollen from two non-identical single-copy PHP54783 TDNA insertions (Male 1 and Male 2) were used to fertilize three non-identical, male sterile, PHP56791 plants (Female 1, 3, 4). Seed was harvested from these crosses, planted and progeny genotyped for the presence of PHP54783 and PHP56791 TDNA insertions by PCR. Plants containing only PHP56791, or both PHP56791 and PHP54783, were grown to maturity and male fertility phenotype recorded. As shown in Table 5, Group 1 and 4 wheat plants containing only PHP56791 did not contain pollen and were male sterile (No Seed).

TABLE 5 Male Fertility phenotype of transgenic wheat plants containing Dominant sterility construct PHP56791 and Restorer PHP54783. Dominant Sterility Construct RESTORER PLANT GROUP PHP56791 PHP54783 FEMALE MALE SEED SET 1 1 + + 1 1 SEED 2 1 + 1 1 NO SEED 3 1 + 1 1 NO SEED 4 1 + 1 1 NO SEED 1 3 + + 3 1 SEED 1 4 + + 4 2 SEED 2 4 + + 4 2 SEED 3 4 + + 4 2 SEED 4 4 + 4 2 NO SEED 5 4 + 4 2 NO SEED 6 4 + 4 2 NO SEED

In contrast, PHP56791 plants also containing PHP54783 from Groups 1, 3 and 4 shed pollen and were capable of self-fertilization (Seed). Seed number per plant in PHP56791/PHP54783 progeny was similar to seed numbers obtained from untransformed Fielder variety plants. These results demonstrate that the Zea mays 5126 promoter inverted repeat was capable of restoring fertility to wheat plants containing the Dominant male sterility construct PHP56791.

Example 8. Sources of Promoters and Gene Products to Confer Male Sterility and Restore Fertility in Wheat

The promoter expressing the E. coli DAM gene in PHP56791 can be an anther-preferred promoter such as the promoter of the maize MS45, BS7 or MS26 gene, or for example, the promoter of the rice or Arabidopsis homolog of the maize MS45, 5126, BS7 or MS26 gene, such that expression by this plant promoter:DAM transcription unit renders wheat plants male sterile. In certain respects, it is advantageous to use non-wheat promoters to express the DAM gene. For example, where promoter inverted repeats from the same species have the potential to reduce target promoter function such that the plant is non-viable or non-reproductive, a promoter from a different species can be used to transcriptionally express the dominant sterility gene (e.g., DAM), thus circumventing this potential problem.

In addition, the E. coli DAM gene in PHP56791 can be replaced by sources other than DAM, for example barnase or another gene product that renders plants male sterile as a result of reduced tapetum function or other disruption of development of male reproductive tissue.

Taken together, the present Examples demonstrate that a Dominant male sterility gene can be inactivated using pIR-mediated suppression, and that a fertile phenotype can be restored in genotypically sterile plants.

Example 9. Inbred Maintenance and Increase of LOF-DomMS Male Sterile Plants Using a Hemizygous Maintainer

It would be advantageous to produce a pure line of male sterile plants to allow for cross pollination with a different inbred variety to produce hybrid seed. Generally, sterility strategies that include dominant approaches prevent plants from self-pollinating. This example provides such a method.

In some embodiments, dominant male sterility is accomplished by the introduction of a construct comprising a promoter driving a gene to express a gene product, such as a protein or RNA, that causes male sterile plants due to general or specific disruption of reproductive development, such as anther development, tapetum development or microspore function. In these Dominant Loss of Function (LOF-DomMS) examples, restoration of fertility could be accomplished by co-expressing an exogenous promoter inverted repeat (pIR) construct that silences the promoter (MSp) used to drive the Dominant sterility gene (MSpMS). This is an example of restoration of fertility by Gain of Function by promoter inverted repeats (GOF-pIRMSp) (FIG. 6). As described previously, disrupting normal tapetum function by Zm5126:DAM (MSpMS) is an example of the LOF-DomMS female inbred; restoration of fertility using an exogenous source of the Zm5126pIR (pIRMSp) is an example of GOF-pIRMSp (FIG. 7).

It would be advantageous to generate an inbred maintainer population which could be used to increase the male sterile inbred line containing MSpMS. To accomplish this, the GOF-pIRMSp is linked to the maize alpha amylase gene under control of the PG47 promoter and linked to a DsRed2 gene under control of the barley LTP2 promoter (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,525,716) and also carrying a PINII terminator sequence (GOF-pIRMSp-AA-DsRED). This construct is transformed directly into wheat by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Wheat plants containing single-copy GOF-pIRMSp-AA-DsRED cassette are emasculated and stigmas are fertilized with pollen from male fertile plants containing MSpMS/GOF-pIRMSp. Seeds are harvested, screening by PCR for plants or seeds containing only the GOF-pIRMSp-AA-DsRED and MSpMS TDNA insertions. Plants are allowed to self-pollinate. Red fluorescing seed from these selfed plants are planted and progeny screened by QPCR for homozygous MSpMS TDNA insertions. Seed from this generation of progeny will segregate at a frequency of 1:1 red and non-red fluorescing. Red fluorescing seed is hemizygous for GOF-pIRMSp-AA-DsRED and homozygous for MSpMS; while non-fluorescing seed is homozygous for MSpMS. Progeny of the non-fluorescing seed are male sterile and can be used as female inbreds during hybrid production. The red fluorescing seed produce progeny (hemizygous for GOF-pIRMSp-AA-DsRED; homozygous for MSpMS) that would be used to propagate the male sterile inbred. In the example above, the MSpMS could be Zm5126DAM, while GOF-pIRMSp would correspond to Zm5126pIR.

As the progeny produced during hybrid seed production would contain a hemizygous dominant sterility-causing gene construct, MSpMS, it would be advantageous to generate male inbred varieties that contain homozygous male fertility restorer (GOF-pIRMSp). It could be envisioned that these male inbred varieties would be used during hybrid production. F1 seed, generated by fertilization of MSpMS/MSpMS male sterile females with pollen from male fertile pIRMSp/pIRMSp male inbreds, would be genotypically MSpMS/pIRMSp and phenotypically male fertile.

Example 10. Maintenance of Male Sterile Inbreds Containing LOF-pIRmf and GOF-MF-AA-DsRED

In this example, fertility was restored to wheat plants containing a pIR construct targeting the wheat MS45 promoter (PHP54693 T-DNA; TaMS45pIR) using a functional copy of the maize MS45 gene linked to (a) the maize alpha amylase gene under control of the PG47 promoter and (b) a DsRed2 gene under control of the barley LTP2 promoter (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,525,716), GOF-MF-AA-DsRED.

It would be advantageous to produce a pure line of male sterile plants to allow for cross pollination with a different inbred variety to produce hybrid seed. Wheat plants containing PHP56988 (T-DNA comprising a maize MS45 gene linked to the pollen PG47 promoter expressing maize alpha amylase and a third gene composed of the barley LTP2 promoter expressing the fluorescent marker, DsRed2; SEQ ID NO: 17) were used to maintain male fertility. This maintainer line construct, PHP56988, was initially generated by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Pollen from TaMS45pIR plants containing the MS45 restorer (Example 4) was then used to fertilize emasculated wheat plants containing PHP56988. Seeds were harvested, and progeny plants were screened by PCR to select those containing only GOF-MF-AA-DsRED (PHP56988) and LOF-pIRmf TDNA (PHP54693) insertions. Plants were allowed to self-pollinate. Red fluorescing seed (indicating inheritance of the DsRed marker in PHP56988) from these selfed plants was planted and progeny screened by QPCR for homozygous LOFpIRmf (PHP54693); seed from this generation of progeny segregates at a frequency of 1:1 red and non-red fluorescing. Red-fluorescing seed was hemizygous (one copy) for GOF-1V1F-AA-DsRED (PHP56988) and homozygous (two copies) for LOF-pIRmf (PHP54693), while non-fluorescing seed were homozygous for LOF-pIRmf (PHP54693). Progeny of the non-fluorescing seed were male sterile due to the presence of the LOF-pIRmf TDNA insert. The red-fluorescing seed progeny (hemizygous for GOF-MF-AA-DsRED; homozygous LOF-pIRmf) were male fertile and set seed.

This example demonstrates that the male sterility phenotype conferred by the promoter inverted repeat directed against the wheat MS45 promoter carried in LOF-pIRmf vector PHP54693, could be reversed by the presence and action of the functional Ms45 copy contained in the GOF-MF-AA-DsRED. In addition, 1:1 segregation of male fertility phenotype with male sterile phenotype was coincident with the presence of PHP56988 (GOF-MF-AA-DsRED) and PHP54693 (LOF-pIRmf) or PHP54693 (LOF-pIRmf) only, respectively.

Example 11. Restoration of Male Fertility in Hybrid Plants Containing LOF-pIRmf

The pure line of LOF-pIRmf male sterile plants used as females and cross-pollinated with a different male inbred variety would produce hybrid seed in which the LOF-pIRmf insertions would be hemizygous. The progeny plants derived from this F1 seed would be male sterile and incapable of producing pollen and selfed seed. It would be advantageous to devise strategies that allow for the self-fertilization of the hybrid seed containing hemizygous LOF-pIRmf insertions. In these examples, various strategies to overcome the sterility imparted by LOF-pIRmf in F1 hybrids are described.

One solution to overcome F1 sterility would be to use a male inbred variety which contains a copy of Ms45 or the pIR targeted fertility gene which is not silenced by the TaMS45pIR or LOF-pIRmf, respectively. This solution was described in Example 3 where PHP37034-containing wheat plants restored fertility when crossed onto homozygous or hemizygous TaMs45pIR containing plants. Thus, male inbred varieties could contain homozygous PHP37034 or similar restoring constructs, and used as pollen donors during hybrid seed production. All F1 hybrid seed would produce fertile plants, as the hemizygous copy of exogenously supplied Ms45 would restore function by complementing the wheat Ms45 gene which was silenced by the action of the TaMs45pIR.

A second solution to restore fertility in the F1 plant would be to use a male inbred variety which contains a genic modified copy of the wheat Ms45 or the pIR-targeted fertility gene promoter which is not silenced by the TaMS45pIR or LOF-pIRmf, respectively. In this example, the endogenous wheat Ms45 promoter could be replaced with DNA sequences which would not be targeted for silencing by the TaMs45pIR yet would be competent for expressing a fertility complementing version of wheat Ms45. The plant genome could be manipulated using DNA cutting reagents (for example, Zinc Finger nucleases, TALE nucleases, custom meganuclease or guide RNA/Cas endonuclease systems) to introduce a double-strand-break in the region of the endogenous native wheat Ms45 gene and an exogenously supplied DNA template which contains promoter sequences sufficient to express wheat Ms45 but not targeted for silencing by the TaMs45pIR (maize or rice Ms45 or 5126 for example, or a combination of wheat and non-wheat derived sequences). By producing a double-strand-break in this region which promotes homologous recombination, the wheat Ms45 promoter could be replaced or altered to the extent that the region is no longer a target for suppression or silencing. Male inbreds that contain this non-target promoter at the fertility locus would be used as pollen donors during hybrid seed production. All F1 seed would produce male fertile plants, as the hemizygous copy of the endogenous TaMs45 gene now linked to a non-target promoter is not silenced by the action of TaMs45pIR also present in these progeny.

Another solution that could be devised to restore fertility in the F1 plant would be to design promoter inverted repeats that function only as a paired system (LOF-pIR1mf/LOF-pIR2mf) but do not function when present only in a hemizygous unpaired state. The constitutively expressed promoter inverted repeat RNA is processed by the dicer enzyme DCL3 to 24 nt siRNAs which are initially bound to AGO4. The AGO4-siRNAs duplex directs a silencing complex to homologous genomic regions through basepairing to DNA. As the generation of these 24 nt small RNAs is independent of the source of the constitutively expressed promoter inverted repeat RNA, it could be envisioned that multiple promoter inverted repeat constructs could be designed to generate sufficient 24nt small RNA coverage of the targeted promoter region. In this example female inbreds containing hemizygous promoter inverted repeats would be fertilized with any wild-type male inbred variety. The hemizygous unpaired promoter inverted repeat containing progeny would be male fertile due to the inability of a single promoter inverted repeat to silence the fertility target promoter. Promoter inverted repeat pairs could be designed such that the first promoter inverted repeat construct would contain only part of the target sequence, while the second promoter inverted repeat could contain the remaining portion of the target promoter needed for silencing. As the promoter being targeted would not be silenced or suppressed due to incomplete coverage by a single promoter inverted repeat, only in the presence of the paired first and second promoter inverted repeat would the target promoter be silenced. Plants, generated to contain the unique pairs of promoter inverted repeat constructs at a single location in the plant genome, would be crossed to generate a male sterile female inbred line due to the silencing of the fertility gene by the combined action of the paired promoter inverted repeats. This female inbred line would be maintained by a GOF-MF-AA-DsRED construct which would allow for the generation of a segregating population: one half of the seed population would fluoresce due to the presence of GOF-MF-AA-DsRED and hemizygous LOF-pIR1mf/LOF-pIR2mf, while the other half of the seed population would not fluoresce but only contain hemizygous LOF-pIR1mf/LOF-pIR2mf. Progeny containing GOF-MF-AA-DsRED and hemizygous LOF-pIR1mf/LOF-pIR2mf would be male fertile, while progeny LOF-pIR1mf/LOF-pIR2mf plants would be male sterile and used as female inbreds during hybrid production. Fertilization of LOF-pIR1mf/LOF-pIR2mf plants with wild-type male inbred would result in progeny which would segregate away each copy of LOF-pIR1mf and LOF-pIR2mf insertions, yielding LOF-pIR1mf-only and LOF-pIR2mf-only plants which would be male fertile, as these single LOF-pIRmf versions are incapable of silencing the endogenous copies of the fertility gene. It could be envisioned that multiple promoter inverted repeat combinations could be designed to enable silencing of the target promoter; these could include, but are not limited to, promoter inverted repeat pairs that contain contiguous stretches of DNA sequence, splitting DNA sequences equally or unequally, the target promoter sequence, or chimeras consisting of stretches of non-contiguous, overlapping or non-overlapping, DNA target sequences. Moreover, it could be envisioned that the order of these sequences within these paired promoter inverted repeat constructs could be altered and different relative to order of the target DNA sequence. 

We claim: 1.-145. (canceled)
 146. A breeding pair of plants, comprising a first plant and a second plant, wherein (a) the first plant comprises an exogenous nucleic acid molecule that when expressed suppresses the first plant's GOF-MF gene (gain of function male fertility gene) or the promoter driving the first plant's GOF-MF gene, so that the first plant is male-sterile; and (b) the second plant expresses a GOF-MF (gain of function male fertility) gene and is male-fertile; and (c) wherein the GOF-MF gene in the second plant is able to restore male fertility when the first plant is pollinated by the second plant, such that the resulting progeny are male fertile.
 147. The pair of plants of claim 146, wherein the GOF-MF gene is an MS45, MS26, or MS22 fertility gene.
 148. The pair of plants of claim 146, wherein the exogenous nucleic acid molecule of the first plant encodes a protein or is an RNAi, microRNA, antisense or hairpin construct.
 149. The pair of plants of claim 146, wherein the GOF-MF gene of the second plant comprises a suppression element capable of suppressing expression of the exogenous nucleic acid molecule suppressing the GOF-MF gene or promoter driving the GOF-MF gene in the first plant, so that pollination of plant 1 by plant 2 produces male-fertile progeny.
 150. A breeding pair of plants, comprising a first plant and a second plant, wherein (a) the first plant comprises a pIR (promoter inverted repeat) directed to a first promoter operably linked to a fertility gene, wherein said first promoter and gene may be heterologous or native with respect to each other, and wherein expression of said pIR results in male sterility of the first plant; and (b) the second plant comprises a construct comprising a polynucleotide, expression of which will complement the male-sterility of the first plant, and wherein the polynucleotide is operably linked to a second promoter which is not impacted by the pIR of the first plant; wherein crossing the plants restores fertility to progeny of the first plant.
 151. The breeding pair of plants of claim 150, wherein the pIR comprises SEQ ID NO: 6 or is at least 95% identical to the full length of SEQ ID NO:
 6. 152. The breeding pair of plants of claim 150, wherein the pIR is directed to a sequence comprising an MS45 promoter isolated from wheat, and the second promoter is an MS45 promoter isolated from maize.
 153. The breeding pair of plants of claim 150, wherein the construct of the second plant comprises SEQ ID NO: 8 or ZmMS45 or SbMs45 or an operable fragment or variant thereof.
 154. A breeding pair of plants, comprising a first plant and a second plant, wherein (a) the first plant expresses a dominant male sterility gene so that the first plant is male-sterile; and (b) the second plant comprises an expressible exogenous nucleic acid molecule that when expressed suppresses the expression of the dominant male sterility gene or impacts function of the promoter operably linked to the dominant male sterility gene of the first plant.
 155. The breeding pair of plants of claim 154, wherein the first plant comprises SEQ ID NO: 11 or SEQ ID NO:
 12. 156. The breeding pair of plants of claim 154, wherein the expressible exogenous nucleic acid molecule of the second plant comprises a promoter inverted repeat (pIR) targeting the promoter operably linked to the dominant male sterility gene of the first plant.
 157. The breeding pair of plants of claim 146, wherein the plants are wheat plants.
 158. The breeding pair of plants of claim 150, wherein the plants are wheat plants.
 159. The breeding pair of plants of claim 154, wherein the plants are wheat plants. 